Medical Experimentation, Ethics, and Experts Flashcards
(43 cards)
What firs promoted experimentation on humans?
The program of experiment that suggested human trials as a logical step in developing therapeutics
Who is Robert Boyle?
Introduced program on experimentation first on science and then medicine.
What were blood transfusions extrapolated from?
the idea of blood-letting
How were blood transfusions considered in relation to patients?
beneficial
Who believed “medical art at the patient’s bedside”?
Hippocrates
What two major things did Hippocrates believe?
1) physicians had to address specific symptoms as specific individuals
2) Physicians classified different kinds of diseases –> map
What was the general plan of ht pathological work like? What did this lead to?
- like a map
- classificatory medicine (anatomo-clinical method) (structure and function)
Where did the healing art have its original foundation?
in experiment
What did accident at first make know?
the virtue of a remedy in some particular disease
What did the practices of the “healing art” become possible in?
A teaching hospital
What were the 4 important points on teaching hospitals? (when, state control over what, problems (2))?
- 19th century clinic –< scientific coherence and social utility
- state control over the ‘production of health’
- moral problematics: therapy + research on patients
- ambiguous domain of the hospital beside the laboratory
What was there a small step from therapeutic method to what?
experimentation
What was there no boundaries between in teaching hospitals?
experimentation and therapeutic method
What was medical electricity used for in: 1799? 1824? 1862? 1910?
1799- medical electricity (2 scientists invented it)
1824- patient suffers
862- use of electricity for purely scientific purposes
1910- used to treat chancer
Why did we need codes/
to distinguish between therapy and experimentation
Who is Thomas Percival?
- One of the first to introduce need for codes
- Believed that no such trials should exists without a previous consultation of the physicians or surgeons according to the nature of the case. IOW, physicians and scientists had to cooperate.
How was industrialization and epidemics related to experimentation?
For example, cholera was very tough to find a treatment that works.
- Epidemics repeated
- Related to industrialization
What two things did Max Simon believe?
1) “…the experimenter is obliged to bear in mind the immediate interest of the human subject whatever his scientific concern and passion for finding a solution to a fundamental question or for enriching material medical might be…
2) “…the experimenter should mentally take the position of the human subject and try the suggested unproven course of action on himself.”
Who believed that moral norms that restrained physician’s latitude of action secured the pride of place for the hospital as an appropriate institution for carrying out human experimentation?
Max Simon
What wer the chloroform experiments?
Self-experimentation with substances
-Drank liquid chloroform
Why did people experiment on themselves?
Experimented on themselves to prove that their practices were of upmost ethical value.
Who was Claude Bernard?
Pioneer of experimental medicine
What were Bernard’s 3 practices of experimental medicine?
1) pathology
2) therapeutics
3) physiology
What is significant about pharmaceutical/chemical laboratory?
-Layout much more sophisticated
