Lecture 62 - Endocrine 4

Question 1

what do pancreatic islets look like on histology

Answer 1

small areas of diluted stain

Question 2

what are the four types of cells within pancreatic islets

Answer 2

1. alpha cells
2. beta cells
3. D cells
4. F cells

Question 3

what do alpha cells produce? what is its job?

Answer 3

glucagon; increase blood glucose

Question 4

what do beta cells produce? what is its job?

Answer 4

insulin; decrease blood glucose

Question 5

what do D cells produce? what is its job?

Answer 5

somatostatin; increases blood glucose

Question 6

what do F cells produce? what is its job?

Answer 6

pancreatic polypeptide; increases blood glucose

Question 7

describe the structure of insulin

Answer 7

2 chains - A (short) and B (long) - connected by disulfide bonds

Question 8

feline insulin is most similar to ____

Answer 8

bovine
“cats are like cows”

Question 9

canine insulin is most similar to ____

Answer 9

porcine
“pups are like pigs”

Question 10

summarize insulin control of blood glucose in 5 steps

Answer 10

1. eat food
2. blood glucose increases
3. insulin released from the pancreas
4. glucose uptake by cells
5. blood glucose decreases

Question 11

acute phase refers to

Answer 11

release of stored insulin

Question 12

chronic phase refers to

Answer 12

release of newly synthesized insulin

Question 13

what are the two theories of insulin secretion

Answer 13

1. glucose interacts with cell surface receptors and triggers the intracellular secondary messenger system for exocytosis
2. the above process is done intracellularly after glucose is in the cell

Question 14

what is C-peptide

Answer 14

byproduct of insulin when proinsulin is split

Question 15

what is the most common cell type in the pancreatic islet?

Answer 15

beta

Question 16

T/F: canine and bovine insulin are most similar to each other

Answer 16

FALSE

Question 17

T/F: insulin is an anabolic hormone

Answer 17

TRUE

Question 18

define anabolism

Answer 18

creation of larger molecules from smaller ones

Question 19

why is the liver important in the anabolic process

Answer 19

close proximity to the pancreas via the portal vein

Question 20

what is the storage form of glucose

Answer 20

glycogen

Question 21

what is the storage form of fatty acids

Answer 21

triglycerides

Question 22

what is the storage form of amino acids

Answer 22

protein

Question 23

what does insulin initiate (“GO”)

Answer 23

1. glucose uptake by cells
2. glycolysis
3. glycogen synthesis
4. protein synthesis
5. intracellular ion movement

Question 24

what does insulin inhibit (“STOP”)

Answer 24

1. gluconeogenesis
2. glycogenolysis
3. lipolysis
4. ketogenesis
5. proteolysis

Question 25

protein hormones are composed of ___ and their receptors are at the ____

Answer 25

amino acids; cell surface

Question 26

what are GLUTs

Answer 26

glucose transporters that facilitate glucose uptake

Question 27

an 8y/o spayed female mini schnauzer presents to the clinic for PU/PD, weight loss but good appetite. what is a good differential?

Answer 27

diabetes mellitus

Question 28

presence of glucose in the blood is

Answer 28

hyperglycemia

Question 29

presence of glucose spillover in the urine is

Answer 29

glucosuria

Question 30

absolute deficiency of insulin is similar to what in humans

Answer 30

type I diabetes

Question 31

insulin resistance (insulin produced but cells don't respond) is similar to what in humans

Answer 31

type II diabetes

Question 32

T/F: insulin has a biphasic release pattern

Answer 32

TRUE

Question 33

what effect does insulin have on ketone synthesis

Answer 33

decreases

Question 34

what are the counter-regulatory hormones to insulin

Answer 34

1. progesterone 2. growth hormone 3. epinephrine 4. cortisol 5. glucagon

Question 35

what other diseases could increase counter-regulatory hormones and lead to insulin resistance

Answer 35

1. pancreatitis 2. Cushing's 3. diestrus or pregnancy 4. acromegaly

Question 36

what are the 4 functions of glucagon?

Answer 36

1. decreased glycogen synthesis 2. increased glycogenolysis 3. increased gluconeogenesis 4. increased lipolysis

Question 37

factors affecting insulin stimulation

Answer 37

1. high blood glucose 2. amino acids 3. fatty acids 4. glucagon 5. incretins

Question 38

factors affecting insulin inhibition

Answer 38

1. low blood glucose 2. catecholamines 3. somatostatin 4. pancreatic polypeptide

Question 39

T/F: counter-regulatory hormones have a blood glucose-lowering effect

Answer 39

FALSE

Question 40

The most important insulin secretagogue in cats is

Answer 40

protein