Lecture 65 - Acute Inflammation 1 & 2

Question 1

what is inflammation?

Answer 1

response of vascularized tissue to injury

Question 2

what are the 5 cardinal features of inflammation

Answer 2

1. heat
2. redness
3. swelling
4. pain
5. loss of function

Question 3

what is the descriptor for inflammation

Answer 3

-itis

Question 4

what are the 3 purposes of acute inflammation

Answer 4

1. increase blood flow to area
2. produce exudate
3. remove damaged tissue

Question 5

what are the vascular events in acute inflammation

Answer 5

1. alteration in blood flow
2. increased vascular permeability
3. chemotaxis of leukocytes

Question 6

what vasodilator examples

Answer 6

histamine
nitric oxide
prostaglandin

Question 7

what substances increase vascular permeability

Answer 7

histamine and bradykinin

Question 8

what is the difference between fibrinous and fibrous

Answer 8

fibrous is chronic and long-lasting, whereas fibrinous is acute and temporary (and friable)

Question 9

what are the 3 key clinical features of inflammation

Answer 9

1. edema
2. fibrin
3. neutrophils

Question 10

T/F: macrophages are the primary cellular mediator of acute inflammation

Answer 10

FALSE

Question 11

summarize chemotaxis in 4 steps

Answer 11

1. macrophages secrete TNFa and IL-1 to attract neutrophils
2. neutrophils loosely bind to receptors
3. chemokine secretion initiates tight binding
4. diapedesis

Question 12

what are the chemoattractants of neutrophils

Answer 12

IL-8, complement

Question 13

what are the chemoattractants of eosinophils

Answer 13

histamine and IL-5

Question 14

what are the chemoattractants of monocytes

Answer 14

fibrinopeptides, complement

Question 15

define edema

Answer 15

imbalance of fluid among vessels, tissues, and cells

Question 16

describe transudate

Answer 16

*loss
low protein/cells/specific holiday
decreased oncotic pressure/lymphatic drainage
increased hydrostatic pressure

Question 17

describe exudate

Answer 17

*gain/edema
high protein/cells and debris
increased vascular permeability

Question 18

serous exudate

Answer 18

protein-rich, cell poor

Question 19

fibrinous exudate

Answer 19

fibrin components

Question 20

catarrhal exudate

Answer 20

lots of mucus

Question 21

suppurative/purulent exudate

Answer 21

lots of dead neutrophils

Question 22

what are the 4 major protease cascade systems

Answer 22

1. complement
2. kinins
3. coagulation
4. fibrinolysis

Question 23

what is the goal of the complement system

Answer 23

elimination of pathogens and harmful antigens

Question 24

what are the 3 complement pathways

Answer 24

1. classical
2. lectin
3. alternative

Question 25

what is the product of all complement pathways

Answer 25

cleavage of C3 to C3a and C3b

Question 26

how is the classical pathway activated

Answer 26

Ag-Ab complexes

Question 27

how is the lectin pathway activated

Answer 27

mannose-binding to microbial carbs

Question 28

how is the alternative pathway activated

Answer 28

bacterial surface structures

Question 29

T/F: alternative pathway is fast

Answer 29

TRUE

Question 30

define opsonin

Answer 30

substance that binds to a microbe or cell to increase the susceptibility to phagocytosis

Question 31

describe the steps for complement to cause inflammation

Answer 31

C5a --> histamine release --> increased vascular permeability --> EDEMA

Question 32

what are kinins

Answer 32

- small peptides - inactive = kininogens - bradykinin - vascular permeability

Question 33

what are the 3 roles of fibrin

Answer 33

1. blood clots 2. trap microbes 3. scaffolding

Question 34

what are the 3 cellular components of acute inflammation

Answer 34

1. neutrophils 2. eosinophils 3. basophils/mast

Question 35

describe neutrophils

Answer 35

primary responder phagocytic short-lived

Question 36

what are azurophil granules

Answer 36

1. myeloperoxidase 2. lysozyme

Question 37

what are specific granules

Answer 37

1. lactoferrin 2. lysozyme

Question 38

what calls in neutrophils

Answer 38

IL-8

Question 39

what are heterophils

Answer 39

neutrophil equivalent in "exotics" lacking myeloperoxidase

Question 40

what are the types of eosinophilic reactions

Answer 40

1. fungi 2. parasites 3. hypersensitivity 4. certain tumors

Question 41

what do eosinophilic granules contain

Answer 41

myeloperoxidase major basic protein

Question 42

what are the granules of activated mast cells

Answer 42

IL-5 histamine serotonin

Question 43

what activates mast cells

Answer 43

IgE

Question 44

what are the 4 categories of cell-derived mediators

Answer 44

1. vasoactive amines 2. lipid 3. cytokines/chemokines 4. phagocytosis

Question 45

describe vasoactive amines

Answer 45

- fast - short-lived - histamine

Question 46

describe lipids

Answer 46

- arachidonic acid metabolites (eicosanoids) - from cell membrane - short-lived

Question 47

what is the non-selective/traditional NSAID class

Answer 47

COX-1 inhibit homeostatic function and inflammation

Question 48

what is the selective NSAID class

Answer 48

COX-2 inhibit inflammation

Question 49

define cytokine

Answer 49

small proteins involved in cell signaling and play roles in the immune response

Question 50

define chemokine

Answer 50

cytokine that promotes chemotaxis

Question 51

what are the two ways IL-8 promotes neutrophil migration

Answer 51

1. direct (chemokine activity) 2. indirect (chemotaxis)

Question 52

what is MCP-1? what produces it?

Answer 52

MCP-1 = monocytes chemoattractant protein produced by all cells

Question 53

what is a respiratory burst

Answer 53

rapid release of ROS to kill internalized microbes