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BIOL 2903 > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

The HBL is flat & wet, except for this area:

A

Sutton Hills/Ridges

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2
Q

Sutton Hills - characteristics

A
  • Low temperatures + high elevations = species confined here in the HBL
  • Mostly Precambrian Shield rock (1-2B years old), surrounded by younger rock
  • Mostly granite, some diabase
  • Only major source of relief in the HBL - diabase sills
  • Low muskeg, riverbanks, beach ridges lie on flat sedimentary rock
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3
Q

Name two birds that nest in the Sutton Hills:

A
  • Common Raven

- Golden Eagle

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4
Q

What is a disjunct population? + examples (2)

A

A population that is located far from that species’ main population, e.g. rock polypody, alpine brook saxifrage

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5
Q

T/F: overall, the HBL forest region has a lot of relief

A

False

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6
Q

The Boreal Forest covers x% of ON:

A

25

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7
Q

What physiographic region contains the Boreal Forest, and what are its characteristics?

A

Canadian Shield

  • Hard, old rock (1-3B years old)
  • Contains silica + quartz
  • Generally acidic
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8
Q

T/F (x2): the Boreal Forest has little relief and lots of continuous forest

A

False, true

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9
Q

Boreal Forest - southern boundary

A

Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands

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10
Q

T/F: white & red pines are common in the Boreal Forest

A

False

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11
Q

What trees dominate the Boreal Forest (+ examples)?

A

Conifers: black/white spruce, balsam fir, jack pine (in some regions), tamarack, larch

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12
Q

T/F: a major disturbance (e.g. a fire) could allow other species (e.g. poplar) to grow in the Boreal Forest

A

True

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13
Q

What are the most common deciduous trees (2) in the Boreal Forest?

A
  • White birch

- Trembling aspen

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14
Q

Boreal Forest characteristics

A
  • Average temperature between 1C and -3C
  • Longer growing season (warm = more decomposition = more soil buildup)
  • More precipitation
  • More relief & variation in site conditions
  • Dominated by conifers
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15
Q

What causes the variation in site conditions in the Boreal Forest?

A
  • Mountainsides facing different ways

- Varying elevations

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16
Q

Why does drainage & the type of soil/plants/animals present vary by location in the Boreal Forest?

A
  • Diversity of material on top of bedrock

- Different types of material are deposited

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17
Q

T/F: the Boreal Forest is more diverse than the HBL (if so, why?)

A

True; the larger rocks deposited in the forest suggest a river flowed through, while in the HBL a sea just dropped clay/silt

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18
Q

Eastern Boreal

A

Contained by the southern HBL, James Bay, and the central Boreal Forest

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19
Q

Western/Prairie Boreal

A
  • Borders Manitoba

- Contains a lot of jack pines

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20
Q

Clay Belt Boreal

A
  • Rich water

- Contains cattail marshes (only found here in the Boreal Forest)

21
Q

Superior Boreal

A

Located on Lake Superior, which influences its climate

22
Q

Black spruce characteristics

A
  • Needles are grouped individually

- Round needles (i.e. can roll them)

23
Q

White spruce characteristics

A
  • Strong scent
  • Round needles, grouped individually
  • Needles are longer than those of black spruce
  • Branches’ colour differs from the rest of the tree
  • Trees are wider than black spruce, balsam fir
24
Q

Balsam fir characteristics

A
  • Tree is pointed at the top (like a church spire)
  • Flat needles, grouped individually
  • Bumps on bark are filled with resin
  • Hormones used as defense against being eaten [check this??]
25
T/F: tamarack & larch are evergreen trees
False; they lose their needles in the winter
26
Name an animal that stores cones from coniferous trees in the winter to have a supply of seeds to eat
Red squirrel
27
T/F: the Boreal Forest has more small mammals than the HBL/tundra, so there's more food for predatory animals
True
28
What features of small mammals in the Boreal Forest reflect its warmer climate?
Long tail, big ears
29
Examples of animals in the Boreal Forest (4)
- Weasel (e.g. fisher, marten, wolverine) - Otters - Mink - Owls
30
Niche/Resource Partitioning - example w/owls
Some owls feed on the same prey, but hunt at different times of day - Northern hawk owl - diurnal (hunts in the day) - Boreal owl - nocturnal (hunts at night) - Great gray owl - crepuscular (hunts at dawn/dusk)
31
White-winged crossbill
- Eats seeds of coniferous trees; opens cones with cross mandibles - Irruptive: can arrive in a new area unpredictably & in large numbers - fly elsewhere when food supply runs low
32
Canada jays store their food by scatter hoarding, meaning...
...the food is deposited over a wide area - Canada jays store it under loose bark or lichens (stuck there with saliva) - Find it using spatial memory
33
Why do Canada Jays nest early in (winter??)?
Allows time for food storage
34
T/F: young Canada Jays are aggressive to each other, and the most dominant one will kick the others out
True; Canada Jays can even adopt abandoned offspring if theirs dies
35
Name a bird that eats spruce needles
Spruce grouse
36
Sawfly larvae
- Graze on needles - >6 legs - Terpenoids for defense - A group of larvae will stand up on a leaf in self-defense
37
Balsam fir needles/twigs are a main food source for... in winter
Moose
38
T/F: the shape of moose waste differs in different seasons as their diet changes
True
39
Moose adaptations for winter
- Long legs to walk in snow | - Antlers fall off, so they expend less energy
40
T/F: moose antlers are calcium-rich, and small mammals will chew on fallen antlers
True
41
Snowshoe hare population cycles; what are some causes of a population crash?
- Large fluctuations in numbers; peaks every 10 years | - May crash due to starvation, low birth rate, disease, predation
42
What is the main predator of snowshoe hares? Do they have any other predators?
Lynx; owls, red fox, fisher
43
Stress-induced hormonal changes in female snowshoe hares
Pregnant females have high stress hormone levels in large populations; they can't have anymore young, and their female young can't reproduce either
44
T/F: Lynx populations also go through cycles, 1 year behind that of snowshoe hares
True; takes time to exploit the increase in resources (i.e. the hares)
45
Spruce/balsam fir needles are eaten by this caterpillar, that becomes a moth:
Spruce budworm
46
If a tree's needles are eaten by spruce budworm caterpillars, will it immediately die?
No; they will grow new needles, but they'll die if these ones are eaten
47
How do spruce budworm caterpillars enhance the survival of spruce trees?
There's a 7:1 ratio of balsam fir to spruce in the BF; balsam fir grows close to the ground, so they eat more of it, eliminating competition for spruce seedlings
48
T/F: Spruce budworm caterpillars also influence the survival of birds
True (but I need to check how!)

BIOL 2903 (24 decks)

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