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Molecular & Cellular Biology > Lecture 7 - Cells > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

Fundamental unit of life

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2
Q

Three domains of cells:

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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3
Q

Two types of cells:

A

Prokaryotic Cells (includes domains bacteria and archaea)
Eukaryotic Cells (includes domain eukarya)

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4
Q

Some properties of Prokaryotic cells:

A

small
simple
no nucleus
no organelles

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5
Q

Some properties of Eukaryotic cells:

A

large
complex
has nucleus
has organelles

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6
Q

Components of Eukaryotic Cells:

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endomembrane system
Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Extensions

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7
Q

2 main types of eukaryotic cells:

A

Plant cells
Animal cells

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8
Q

Components special to plant cells:

A

Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplast

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9
Q

Component special to animal cells:

A

Centriole

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10
Q

The plasma membrane (animal cells):

A

Hydrophobic barrier to the external environment, formed by phospholipid bi-layer in which there are embedded proteins

also has some cholesterol which acts as a stabilizer

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11
Q

The fluidity of membranes is determined by:

A

Phospholipid movement
Saturated vs unsaturated hydrocarbons
Cholesterol presence

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12
Q

Functions of plasma membrane proteins:

A

Support
Cell-cell recognition
junctions
enzymatic
receiving and transmitting messages from the receptors
transport

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13
Q

cytoplasm:

A

cytosol and all organelles within a cell

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14
Q

Is cytoplasm present in either animal or plant cells?

A

present in both

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15
Q

Ribosomes

A

Play a key role in protein making process

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16
Q

2 Types of Eukaryotic Ribosomes:

A

Rough ER associated ribosomes
Free ribosomes

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17
Q

Rough ER associated ribosomes:

A

Assist in making plasma membrane and proteins that are to be sent out of the cell

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18
Q

Free ribosomes:

A

Assist in making proteins that will reside in cytoplasm

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19
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center

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20
Q

What does nucleus contain?

A

DNA & RNA

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21
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Nucleus is covered by nuclear envelope.

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22
Q

Nuclear envelope is made of 2 membranes:

A

Inner membrane, outer membrane

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23
Q

Eukaryotic DNA contains small proteins called_________, forming _________.

A

Histones, Chromatin

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24
Q

With aid of other proteins, chromatin condenses to form:

A

Chromosomes

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25
Define Nucleolus:
Dense region in the nucleus where ribosomes are assembled
26
Endomembrane system consists of:
Rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus
27
Define translation process in rough ER:
Ribosomes in rough ER are called membrane bound, and are responsible for the assembly of many proteins
28
Proteins staying in the cytoplasm are made on:
Free ribosomes
29
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum:
Large, dynamic structure that serves many roles including calcium storage, protein synthesis, and lipid metabolism
30
The golgi apparatus:
Major site of carbohydrate synthesis, as well as sorting and dispatching station for the products of ER
31
Lysosomes
Involved in digestion and waste removal
32
Mitochondria
Harvest chemical energy from food, store energy (ATP), cellular respiration
33
Mitochondria has how many membranes?
two membranes: inner, outer
34
Vacuoles Function
Store water, salts, proteins, and carbs
35
Vesicles Function
Store and move materials between organelles
36
Cytoskeleton Functions
Structural support, movement of organelles, cell locomotion
37
What fibers are cytoskeletons made of?
Microtubule, intermediate filament, microfilament
38
Microfilament properties:
Thinnest Subunit: Actin Cell shape Cell movements
39
Intermediate Filaments Properties:
In-between size Fibrous proteins reinforce cell shape anchor organelles
40
Microtubules Properties:
Hollow tubes tubulin proteins easily put together and taken apart cell shape
41
What are the two cell extensions found in eukaryotic cells?
Flagella & Cilia
42
Flagella are:
Long, one or few
43
Cilia are:
Short and many
44
How does a flagellum move?
Propeller-like motion
45
How do cilia move?
Back and forth beating
46
Centriole Definition:
Microtubule organizing centers These microtubules separate chromosomes
47
What are three types of connections between animal cells?
Tight Junctions Anchoring Junctions Communicating Junctions
48
Tight Junctions properties:
Form continuous seals Leak-proof Prevent infection
49
Anchoring Junctions properties:
Rivet Cells together Very Strong leaky
50
Communicating Junctions properties:
Channels link neighbors Let small molecules & ions move from cell to cell
51
How long prokaryotes have been present?
3.5 billion years
52
What type of environments prokaryotes are present in?
all types of enironment - moderate to extreme
53
What are prokaryotic cells made of?
DNA Plasma Membrane Ribosomes Cell Wall Pili Flagella Capule
54
Define Plasmids
Circular, double-stranded units of DNA that replicates within a cell
55
Prokaryotic plasma membranes are made of:
Lipids, specifically phospholipids
56
The prokaryotic cell wall is made of:
Peptidoglycan - complex interlocking of polymers of nitrogen-sugar monomers
57
Cell wall of prokaryotes surrounds the:
bi-lipid, plasma membrane layer
58
The prokaryotic cell wall prevents the_____:
Rupturing of the bacterium by osmotic pressure of water
59
Define Pili:
Thin, rigid fiber made of protein that protrudes from the cell surface
60
Pili function:
To attach a bacterial cell to specific surfaces for plasmid transfer
61
Define flagellum:
Rotates like a propeller and allows movement of the bacteria through the environment in response to it
62

Molecular & Cellular Biology (10 decks)

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