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ANSC 201 > Lecture 7- Environmental Physiology, Animal Health > Flashcards

Lecture 7- Environmental Physiology, Animal Health Flashcards

1
Q

Poikilotherms

A

Cold-blooded

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2
Q

Homeotherms

A

Warm-blooded

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3
Q

Why should barns be designed for different temperatures than our homes?

A

Animals have different resting body temperatures.

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4
Q

Intensive management

A

Environment is highly controlled

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5
Q

Extensive management

A

Less producer control over environment, animals adapt to fit environment

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6
Q

4 types of heat transfer

A

Conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation (only one that can also gain heat)

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7
Q

Define conduction

A

Between objects that are touching

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8
Q

Define convection

A

By air or water movement

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9
Q

Define radiation

A

Between objects that are not touching

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10
Q

Define evaporation

A

Moisture leaving from skin and respiratory tract

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11
Q

Define TNZ

A

The range of ambient temperatures in which an animal can maintain thermal balance by physical means of heat transfer, where heat production and heat loss are about the same.

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12
Q

4 adaptions to cold stress

A

Increase feed intake (Thyroxin)
Reduce blood flow
Shiver, hunch, huddle
Increase body insulation (long term)

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13
Q

2 ways to control cold stress

A

Provide wind breaks and keep animals dry

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14
Q

8 adaptions to heat stress

A
  1. Water consumption increase
  2. Respiration increase
  3. Perspiration increase
  4. Blood vessels dilate
  5. Increase SA
  6. Decrease body insulation
  7. Less activity
  8. Lower feed intake
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15
Q

4 ways to control heat stress

A

Shade
Evaporative cooling (sprinkler + fan)
Refrigerative cooling
Always have water

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16
Q

How to adjust protein ration during cold?

A

Decrease protein %

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17
Q

How to adjust protein ration in heat?

A

Increase protein density + add electrolytes

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18
Q

Other stresses

A

noise, new animals, predators, overcrowding, poor sanitation, mud!, High altitude- low oxygen= Hypoxia (brisket disease)

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19
Q

Define disease

A

Any deviation from a normal state of health

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20
Q

Define contagious disease

A

Infectious disease; can be transmitted from one animal to another

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21
Q

Define mortality

A

Measurement of death

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22
Q

Define morbidity

A

Measurement of illness

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23
Q

Define toxin

A

Harmful chemicals produced by animal cells or microorganisms

24
Q

Define poison

A

Harmful chemicals sourced from a plant or manufactured material
Ex. Plants high in nitrogen during droughts

25
Q

1 characteristics of a virus and nickname

A

Lack cytoplasm “natures little hijackers”

26
Q

4 Control methods for viruses

A

Isolation, strict sanitation, elimination of vectors, vaccines, NOT antibiotics

27
Q

3 Characteristics of bacteria

A

Single-celled
Shapes: rod, spirilla, cocci
Damage with toxins

28
Q

Define pathogenicity

A

Number of pathogens needed to cause a disease

29
Q

3 methods to control bacteria

A

Antibodies, vaccines, culling (get rid of animal)

30
Q

5 Characteristics of Protozoa

A

Single-celled (larger than bacteria)
Very host specific
Damage digestive tracts lining
Hinder digestion and absorption
Cause diarrhea

31
Q

2 Prevention methods of Protozoa

A

Coccidiostats in feed
Anticoccidial drugs in water

32
Q

Fungi (3)

A

Single celled plants
Difficult to treat
Molds produce mycotoxins

33
Q

Life cycle of roundworms

A
  1. Release eggs in feces
  2. Larvae burrow into intestinal wall
    Create nutritional deficiencies or block intestines
34
Q

Defintion of tapeworms

A

Flat, segmented worms with indirect life cycles (= part of cycle in indirect host)

35
Q

Life cycle of tapeworms

A
  1. Head embedded in intestinal lining
  2. Segments grow with both male and female gonads
  3. Eggs in segments
  4. Segments detach into feces
    Harder than roundworms, embedded head can keep growing segments
36
Q

4 Types of flies

A

Horn flies + stable flies suck blood
Heel flies
Face fly

37
Q

Life cycle of heel fly

A
  1. Lay eggs on cattle legs
  2. Larvae climb through connective tissue (5-6months)
  3. Grubs on cow’s back (zits)
    Disrupt leather quality
38
Q

Fleas and ticks spread disease through _____ and are controlled by _______.

A

Direct contact, chemical treatments

39
Q

8 ways to prevent diseases

A
  1. Vet planning - vaccines
  2. Sanitation - dispose of dead
  3. Nutrition - vitamin E + selenium (immunity)
  4. Record analysis
  5. Proper identification - US lags
  6. Proper facilities
  7. Monitoring sources and identification of livestock
  8. Pharmaceuticals and biological
40
Q

Antiseptics are applied

A

To the animal

41
Q

Disinfectants are applied

A

To facilities, they are stronger

42
Q

Monitoring sources and Identification of Livestock consists of …

A

Purchase from farms with same health-management programs
Control people and vehicle flow “shower-in, shower-out”
Isolate new animals
Control insects, rodents, birds, “family farm dog” (disease carrying organisms)
Keep off drainage areas + water

43
Q

Biosecurity simple definitions

A

Preventing introduction of disease agents

44
Q

Pharmaceuticals are used to

A

Treat disease

45
Q

Biological are used to

A

Prevent disease (vaccines)

46
Q

Passive immunity

A

Acquired through colostrum

47
Q

Active immunity

A

Production of antibodies by natural exposure to administering vaccines

48
Q

Define Anthelmentics

A

Drugs given to kill internal parasites; typically orally

49
Q

4 ways to administer pharmaceuticals and biological

A
  1. Topically; on the skin
  2. Orally; feeding, drenching, balling guns
  3. Injections; SQ, IM, IP, IMI
  4. Nasally?
50
Q

2 other health problem categories

A

Predators + injuries (lacerations, frostbite, lameness)

51
Q

4 Nutritional deficiencies

A

Low levels of nutrients in diet
Impaired digestion/absorption
Failure of body to make naturally synthesized nutrient
Vitamin and mineral deficiencies

52
Q

Metabolic disorders process and 3 examples

A

Blockage/ alterations of pathways
Examples:
Hypocalcemia - low Ca in bloodstream
Acidosis - high lactic acid = low stomach pH
Ketosis - mobilize fat, smelling breath, old health fad

53
Q

Detecting sick animals

A

Visual: lack of appetite, depressed, isolation from herd, breathing difficulty (4 legged= droopy ears, hump back)
Vital: temperature, respiration rate, heart rate

54
Q

Define zoonoses

A

Disease that can be passed between humans and animals
Ex. Rabies, brucellosis , salmonellosis, pink eye

55
Q

2 main purposes for ventilation systems

A

Decrease high humidity and decrease ammonia levels (ammonia causes watery eyes, and respiratory problems)

56
Q

Ventilation system in high temps

A

Cool air enters, heats up + adds moisture, and is expelled

ANSC 201 (22 decks)

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