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ANSC 201 > Lecture 9- Digestion > Flashcards

Lecture 9- Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

4 functions of monogastrics mouths

A

Prehension (bring food in, lips, teeth, tongue, hands)
Ensalivation (mix w/ saliva)
Mastication (grinding/ pulverizing)
Bonus formation (rolling food into ball and push to back)

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2
Q

Define esophagus

A

Muscular structure connecting pharynx to stomach (tighter when no food going down)

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3
Q

What is the pH of the monogastric stomach?

A

2 or 3 b/c of hydrochloric acid

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4
Q

4 functions of monogastrics stomach

A

Store material
Secrete substances
Mixing
Move chyme from stomach to rest of digestive system

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5
Q

Interior listing zones of monogastric stomach

A

Esophageal
Cardiac (mucous)
Fundic (HCl)
Pyloric

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6
Q

5 parts of gastric fluid in monogastrics

A

Mucous
HCl
Lipase (small amt)
Rennin
Pepsinogen (a zymogen)

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7
Q

What is a zymogen

A

Inactive form of an enzyme

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8
Q

How does pepsinogen work?

A

Reacts with HCl to become pepsin and breakdown long protein chains

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9
Q

Gastrin (secretion, target, function) in monogastrics

A

Produced by pyloric region, targets stomach, signals to produce more secretions
Endocrine b/c must go through bloodstream

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10
Q

3 phases of gastric fluid flow regulation in monogastrics

A

Cephalic- nerve impulse
Gastric- nerves and hormones (longest)
Intestinal- hormonal response

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11
Q

3 requirements for emptying the monogastric stomach

A

Fluidity and acidity of chyme
Receptivity of duodenum (can’t be full already)
Pyloric pump (stomach contractions push food through pyloric sphincter)

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12
Q

2 ways gastric flow rate is reduced in monogastrics

A

Enterogastric reflex (nerve reflex reducing pumping)
Enterogastrone

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13
Q

Enterogastrone (secretion, target, function)

A

Produced by small intestine
Slows gastric fluid production and flow rate
Targets stomach

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14
Q

Functions of monogastric small intestines

A

Chemical degradation
Absorption

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15
Q

Sections of monogastric small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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16
Q

2 entrances to monogastric small intestine in anterior are from

A

Liver and pancreas

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17
Q

3 types of digestive fluids in monogastrics

A

Pancreatic fluid
Hepatic fluid (Bile)
Intestinal Fluid

All are alkaline to neutralize stomach pH

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18
Q

2 Functions of Hepatic Fluid (Bile) in monogastrics

A

Emulsifying agent breaks of fats into smaller droplets to increase surface area
Neutralize acids
Aid in absorption of fats

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19
Q

Monogastric Hepatic Fluid (Bile) - (produced, stored, and contents)

A

Produced in liver
Stored in gall bladder
Contains waster products of liver metabolism
Dark green- colors feces

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20
Q

Monogastric pancreatic fluid (produced, contains)

A

Produced in pancreas
Contains enzymes, carbonate, and bicarbonate= buffers

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21
Q

Hormonal control of pancreatic fluid in monogastrics

A

Secretin
Cholecystokinin (CCK) (Pancreozymin)

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22
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) (Pancreozymin) - produced, targets, function

A

Produced in duodenum, increases enzyme output by pancreas and release of hepatic fluid from gall bladder

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23
Q

3 enzymes in monogastric pancreatic fluid

A
  1. Proteolytic (proteases)
    Trypsinogen —(enterokinase)—> Trypsin
    Chymotrypsin
    Both result from zymogen action + break down peptides into amino acids
  2. Amylase and carbohydrates
    Breakdown amylose + amylopectin
    Each carbohydrate has its own: lactase, maltase
  3. Lipase
    Breakdown fats, inactive in low stomach pH
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24
Q

2 functions of large intestines in monogastrics

A

Store left over residue
Lubricate residue to exit through the anus,

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25
Q

3 sections of monogastric large intestine

A

Cecum (appendix)- gas production (some fermentation)
Colon- absorbs water
Rectum

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26
Q

Define absorption

A

Movement of materials from the digestive tract into the bloodstream

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27
Q

3 mechanisms of absorption

A
  1. Diffusion (passive) ex. Minerals through cell membrane
  2. Osmosis (passive)- water
  3. Active transport (NEEDS ENERGY) ex. Amino acids, fatty acids
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28
Q

Portal vein function in monogastrics

A

Carries nutrient rich blood from gastrointestinal tract to liver

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29
Q

Liver function in monogastrics

A

Liver metabolizes and detoxifies substances before they circulate to the rest of the body

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30
Q

Gastric vs. intestinal digestion in monogastrics

A

Gastric= breakdown in acidic conditions
Intestinal= breakdown in alkaline conditions

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31
Q

Where is starch broken down in monogastrics?

A

Small intestine into glucose

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32
Q

Where are sugars broken down in monogastrics

A

Small intestine into glucose

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33
Q

Where are cellulose and lignin broken down in monogastrics

A

It’s not, left in feces

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34
Q

Where is protein broken down in monogastrics

A

Stomach into peptide chains
Small intestine into amino acids

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35
Q

Where are lipids broken down in monogastrics

A

Small intestine into fatty acid and glycerol

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36
Q

Where are minerals broken down in monogastrics

A

Small intestine into solution

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37
Q

Where are vitamins broken down in monogastrics

A

Small intestine into solution

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38
Q

Where is water absorbed in monogastrics

A

Small and mostly large intestines

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39
Q

6 Composites of feces

A

Cellulose, lignin, bacteria, mucous, water, epithelial cells

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40
Q

Birds are considered

A

Modified monogastrics

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41
Q

3 Functions of beak

A

Prehension, ensalivation, bolus formation

42
Q

Order of bird digestive system

A

Beak—>pharynx —> esophagus —> crop (gullet)—> proventriculus( true stomach)—> ventrigulus (gizzard)—> small intestine—>large intestine—> cloaca + vent

43
Q

Location and 2 functions of crop

A

Outpocket of esophagus

Moisten/lubricate
Storage (no chemical degradation)

44
Q

Location and function of proventriculus (true stomach)

A

At end of esophagus

Secretarial gastric juices and HCl (acid)

45
Q

Structure and 2 functions of ventriculus (gizzard)

A

Contains grit

Grind food
Mix with gastric fluid (gastric digestion begins here)

46
Q

Why are contents of duodenum acidic in birds?

A

Pancreatic and liver(bile) ducts don’t enter until posterior end of duodenum.

47
Q

The large intestine of birds has ____ ceca and _____ colon.

A

2 ceca (very little fermentation)
1 colon (absorbs water)

48
Q

3 systems a part of the cloaca in birds

A

Digestive system
Urinary system
Reproductive system

49
Q

What is the anus of birds called?

A

Vent

50
Q

Why is bird waste so liquidy?

A

The digestive feces and stuff from kidneys mix before being expelled

51
Q

Significant differences in horse digestions:

A

Large cecum (fermentates cellulose and hemicellulose into VFA’s)
- large intestine absorbs VFA’s = provide energy

No gall bladder= bile duct comes directly from liver

52
Q

Significant differences in rabbit digestion:

A

Large cecum
Coprophagy (eating fecal pellets) “second chance” to absorb nutrients

53
Q

2 differences of ruminants mouth

A

Dental pad instead of upper incisors
Lots of saliva (sodium bicarbonate- alkaline buffer w/ no sig. enzymes)

54
Q

8 functions of ruminants mouth

A

Eating: Prehension, mastication, ensalivation, bolus formation
Rumination “chewing cud”: regurgitation, remastication, reensalivation, reswallowing

55
Q

4 compartments of ruminant stomach

A

Rumen (paunch)
Reticulum (honeycomb)
Omasum (manypiles)
Abomasum (true stomach)

56
Q

Appearance and function of rumen

A

Loaded with fluid (grass floats on top)
Millions of papillae
Absorbs VFA’s
“Gigantic fermentation vat” = produces heat and gas

57
Q

Appearance and function of reticulum

A

Close to heart
Collects heavy feeds to regurgitate

58
Q

Hardwire disease

A

wire/nails trapped in reticulum and irritate the lining; treat by feeding animal a magnet

59
Q

Appearance and function of omasum

A

Conical papillae on folds of muscle
Absorbs water + secondarily reduces particle size

60
Q

Appearance and function of abomasum

A

Small inner surface
Secrets HCl and gastric fluid
Gastric digestion begins

61
Q

Compartment volumes of immature ruminant

A

Rumen + reticulum 30%
Omasum + abomasum 70%

62
Q

Compartment volumes of mature ruminant

A

Rumen 65-80%
Reticulum 5%
Omasum 7%
Abomasum 8%

63
Q

Proportions of digestive system in mature cattle

A

Stomach 71% —pre-gastric fermenters
Small I. 18%
Large I. 11%

64
Q

Proportions of digestive system in mature pigs

A

Stomach 29%
Small I. 34%
Large I. 37%
(Closest to human)

65
Q

Proportions of digestive system in horse:

A

Stomach 8%
Small I. 25%
Large I. 67% - post-gastric fermenters

66
Q

2 factors effecting rumen development

A
  1. Dry feed
    - amount
    - characteristics (course grain is best, hay doesn’t do much)
  2. Fermentation products (VFA ratios — butyric acid)
67
Q

How does the esophageal groove function?

A

Closed by suckling action and sends milk straight to abomasum.

68
Q

3 symbiotic relationships

A
  1. Bacteria A helps bacteria B which helps Bacteria C digest food
    - reason must slowly change ruminant diets
  2. Protozoa eat bacteria
  3. Host provides a lot
69
Q

Why are no enzymes secreted within the reticulo-rumen?

A

Food is broken down by microbes

70
Q

5 things host does for bacteria

A

Provides food
Fine grinding: rumination
Removes microbial waste
constant pH
constant temperature

71
Q

3 most common VFA’s

A

Acetic Acid (2C)
Propionic Acid (3C)
Butyric Acid (4C)

72
Q

Ranking relative value of proteins

A
  1. Eggs
  2. Milk
  3. Meat
  4. Ruminant (microbial proteins)
  5. Plant
73
Q

What two things do microbes break proteins into or use to form amino acids out of NPN

A

Organic acid and Ammonia (NH3)

74
Q

Define hydrolysis

A

Breakdown of triglycerides

75
Q

What vitamins are synthesized by ruminant microbes

A

B complex and K

76
Q

What vitamins must be acquired through ruminant diet.

A

A and E, sometimes D (sunlight)

77
Q

What 4 gases do microbes produce

A
  1. Nitrogen
  2. Ammonia
  3. Carbon Dioxide
  4. Methane
78
Q

Define Eructation

A

Getting rid of gas; burping

79
Q

Define bloat

A

Gas build up, froth covers esophageal opening

80
Q

What happens if an animal is overly bloated?

A

Blocks diaphragm from moving and suffocates animal

81
Q

What 3 material flow from reticule-rumen to omasum

A

Microorganisms
Fermentation products (leftover VFAs)
Feed residues (digestible and non-digestible lignin)

82
Q

What is the function of the omasum?

A

Absorb water

83
Q

Function of abomasum

A

Gastric digestion- acid, mucous, rennin, pepsin

84
Q

What are the 4 intestinal movements?

A

Peristalsis - wave from beginning to end
Segmented - couple inches of mixing
Pendular - back and forth mixing
Defacation - only voluntary

85
Q

Where are VFAs absorbed in ruminants?

A

Rumen

86
Q

What is the significance of the rumen pH?

A

pH of 6 allows microbes to live and then die when they enter the acidic abomasum.

87
Q

How to make ruminant meat with more unsaturated fat?

A

Feed bypass lipids and proteins, so feeds are not digested in rumen and fats remain unsaturated.

88
Q

What treatments are used to create bypass lipids and proteins

A

Heating, roasting, pelleting, kibble
(Microbes can’t breakdown denatured proteins)

89
Q

What is the disadvantage to having very soluble food?

A

Too much food is incompletely digested and then wasted

90
Q

4 types of storage

A

Bones/ teeth (minerals, Ca, + P)
Liver (fat soluble vitamins, B12, glycogen, etc.)
Body tissue (varies greatly)
Adipose (fat)

91
Q

What is the main difference about how monogastric and ruminants digest lipids?

A

Mono- remain unsaturated
Ruminant- fatty acids get saturated

92
Q

What is the main difference between how monogastric and ruminants digest nitrogen?

A

Mono- composition is not changed
Ruminants composition is changed

93
Q

What is the main difference between how monogastric and ruminants digest vitamins?

A

Mono- need all vitamins in diet
Ruminants- only need A, E, sometimes D (fat soluble except K)

94
Q

What is significant about monogastric and ruminant digestion of minerals?

A

All animals need full complement of minerals in their diet

95
Q

What are 3 functions of feed stuffs

A
  1. Energy (carbs, lipids, proteins)
  2. Building blocks (proteins, minerals, lipids, water)
  3. Cofactors (minerals) + coenzymes (vitamins)
96
Q

Define intermediary metabolism

A

Process where nutrients are converted to simple compounds for use by cells

97
Q

Moles of ATP/100g of carbs, protein, and lipids

A

Carbs- 4
Proteins- 4
Lipids- 9 (x2.25 more b/c of lower oxygen number)

98
Q

Anabolism vs catabolism

A

Ana- building (requires energy)
Cata- breakdown (release energy)

99
Q

Genesis

A

To form

100
Q

Lysis

A

To breakdown

101
Q

Neogenesis

A

New formation

ANSC 201 (22 decks)

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