Lecture 8- Nutrients Flashcards by Ann Sargen

Define nutrients

Any element or compound used in an organism’s metabolism or physiology.

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6 classifications of organs

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Vitamins
Minerals
Water (most critical)

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What percentage of plants and animals are water?

60-75%

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Where does water come from?

Drinking water
Food
Chemical/ metabolic processes= metabolic water, mostly for desert animals

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5 Functions of water

Solvent- lubricant
Nutrient transportation
Thermoregulation
Cushion organs
Involved in chemical reactions

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At what percentages of water loss is disruption and death.

5%- disruption of body function
15-20% - death

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General formula of carbohydrates

(CH20)n
Ex. Glucose C6H1206

Cn(H20)n-1
Ex. Sucrose. C12H22O11

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4 categories of Carbohydrates

Sugars, starch, cellulose, hemicellulose

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How are carbohydrates formed?

Through photosynthesis

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What function do carbohydrates have for plants and animals.

Primary structural component for plant cells
Major source of dietary energy for animals
(Monogastrics; starch, ruminants; cellulose)

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5 examples of monosaccharides (simple sugars)

pentoses: ribose (RNA), xylose
hexoses: glucose, galactose, fructose

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4 dissaccharides

Cellobiose — glucose, glucose - not easy to digest
Lactose — glucose , galactose
Maltose — glucose glucose - more easily digested
Sucrose — glucose fructose

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3 polysaccharides (complex sugars) + extra

starch, hemicellulose, cellulose
Lignin

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Explain different linkages

1-4 (amylose, amylopectin, cellulose)
1-6 (amylopectin)

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2 components of starch

Amylose (linear) and amylopectin (branched)

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Hemicellulose is a mixture of ____ and _____. It is ______ digestible than starch and _______ digestible than cellulose.

Pentoses, hexoses, less, more

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Cellulose: structure, location, digestibility

Linear glucose chains, constituent of plant cell walls, cross-links make it not easily digested by monogastrics animals

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Lignon: what and where

Replaces cellulose as plant matures, not a carbohydrate, only digestible but fungus, in poor quality feeds.
Ex. Wood

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4 components of protein

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

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Calculation to find crude protein

Proteins are 16% N by weight
N x 6.25%= %CP

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Structural component for animal cells is

Protein

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Quantities of protein in plants and animals.

Pretty consistent for animals
Varies greatly for plants (ex. Corn low and soybean high)

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Define non-essential amino acids

One that can be synthesized by an organism at a rate equal to its physiological needs — or just don’t need a lot of

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Define essential amino acids:

One that can not be synthesized by the organism at a rate equal to physiological needs; must be included in diet

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4 functions of proteins

1. Build and repair body tissues 2. Enzymes, hormones 3. Antibodies, immunoglobulins 4. Protection (hair, nails, hooves)

List the 10 essential amino acids

Methionine Arginine Tryptophan Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Phenylalamine Valine Threonine

Young chickens have how many essential amino acids.

11-13

How many essential amino acids do ruminants have?

0 Except for high production situations

What two amino acids are most likely deficient?

Lysine (corn lacks) and methionine (soybean lacks) Mixture offsets deficiencies

3 effects of protein deficiency

Lower birth/growth rate Reduced production Lower fertility

Define limiting amino acid

An essential amino acid in diet in an amount less than required by the animal

Effects of excess protein

Good growth rate Expensive (carbohydrates are cheaper) Enlarged kidneys (excess nitrogen leaves body through urine)

Define non-protein nitrogen

Nitrogen in a feed that is not incorporated into a protein molecule Cannot use N x 6.25 here

Usefulness of Non-protein nitrogen with ruminants

Useful; can combine with carbohydrate source to make protein Best when protein is expensive

Usefulness of non-protein nitrogen with monogastrics

Not useful; may be toxic if enters bloodstream

most common form of NPN

Urea (contains 40-50% nitrogen)

3 components of lipids

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Why do lipids provide 2.25 times the amount of energy than carbohydrates or protein?

Lipids have WAY more carbons for each oxygen so more oxidation can occur.

What are the 3 essential fatty acids for animals?

Linoleic 18^2 Linolenic 18^3 Arachidonic 20^4

Lipids are primarily

Fats and oils (tryglycerides)

Most plants have more ________ fats.

Unsaturated

6 functions of lipids

1. Energy source 2. Absorb vitamins ADEK 3. Cushion/protect organs 4. Produce marbling in meat 5. Part of cell membranes 6. Reduce dustiness in rations

What order do we want our energy source from?

1. Carbohydrates 2. Fats 3. Protein

What are minerals?

Inorganic elements of the earth

7 macro minerals

Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, S, Cl

8 micro minerals

Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Co, I, Mo, Se

4 functions of minerals

Co-factors (don’t stay in for the whole chemical reaction) Structural components Electrolyte balance Parts of organic compounds

What mineral does every hormone that goes through the thyroid have?

Iron Fe

What are vitamins?

Organic compounds; required in extremely small amounts for proper functioning

Function of vitamins

Co-enzymes (stay for the whole reaction)

Compare and contrast K and K

Vitamin K vs. potassium Both can be gotten from many sources

Where do you get vitamin A?

Green forages

What vitamins does the liver have?

All vitamins

Where do B complex vitamins come from?

Green forages, animal products/ by-products, milk-products, beef (B12), pork (Thiamine)

Where does Vitamin D come from?

Exposure to sunlight (sometimes added to winter feed)

Where does vitamin E come from?

Whole grains

Which 2 vitamins are not considered for deficiency cause they are already in feed?

C and K

Define energy

The capacity to do work; is a property of nutrients

Function of carbohydrates

Energy

Function of fats/ lipids

Energy , cell membrane structure

Function of proteins

Structure, regulatory (all hormones and enzymes), energy

Function of minerals

Structure(bones), regulatory (co-factors)

What is the function of vitamins

Regulatory (assist chemical reactions)

What is the function of water?

Structure, regulatory