Lecture 7 - New Applied Psychology Flashcards
Who is Dorothea Lynde Dix?
Conceptions of mental illness
Dorothea Lynde Dix (1802-1887)
Advocate for mental health care reform
Lived in the 1800s
- intitally an american school teacher
- travlled to england where she met people
who were invovled in “mad hosues”
- when she moved back to the states she relized
that many of the women she worked with had
mental health issues
1845, to the state legislature: “I proceed, Gentlemen,
briefly to call your attention to the present state of Insane
Persons confined within this Commonwealth, in cages,
stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed
into obedience.”
She is advocating for changes in the phsyial conditions
- she is saying we need to have some major reform
- she has this huge impact in many states
She plays a role directing nurses in the coferdate war
- her nurses provided care for people on both sides of the war
Who is Emil Kraeplin?
Emil Kraeplin (1856-1926)
German physicatrist that does a post doc with Wundt
- wants to classify mental disorders
^- is 1833 he made a thorough list
- did categories such as mania and depression
- Many people say the DSM is a direct expansion of Kraeplins work
- Wundt’s postdoc
- Classification of mental diseases
- Experimental studies of attention, memory, fatigue etc.
in patients to sharpen diagnostic boundaries
Witmer is generally acknowledged as the founder of both (92)
A. school psychology and counseling psychology
B. clinical psychology and business psychology
C. business psychology and counseling psychology
D.
* clinical psychology and school psychology
D.clinical psychology and school psychology
Who is Lightner Witmer?
Conceptions of mental illness
Lightner Witmer (1867-1956)
* Studied with Cattell; PhD with Wundt
* Founded the first psychological clinic in 1896 and
named his new field clinical psychology
* Created a training program for new clinicians
* Founded a journal for this profession (The
Psychological Clinic)
Teaches at Upeen for 45 years
- his career starts around the same time as the APA is founded
- he starts hearing first hands abotu what the pratical needs of teachers are in regaards to psychology
- Witmer works with a student who had troubles spelling (this would be dyslexia today)
^- after this he opens a course with students with disabilities
- he overall develops a whole system and special school to work with these children
- Witmer is attemping to disginish whether studnets cannot spell because of different reasons
^- a lot of the categoires children are put into is very different
- Witmer formalizes the idea of a clincial psychology
The phraseology of “clinical psychology” and “psychological clinic” will doubtless strike many as an odd
juxtaposition of terms relating to quite disparate subjects. . . .
I have borrowed the word “clinical” from medicine, because it is the best term I can find to indicate the character
of the method which I deem necessary for this work. . . .
We must look forward to the training of men to a new profession which will be exercised more particularly in
connection with educational problems, but for which the training of the psychologist will be a prerequisite…
The purpose of the clinical psychologist, as a contributor to science, is to discover the relation between cause and
effect in applying the various pedagogical remedies to a child who is suffering.
Witmer, 1907
Discussion:
Witmer believed that training in rigorous, research-oriented scientific psychology
was necessary for clinical work; clinical psychologists should be highly trained in
scientific methodology.
Modern clinical psychologists can hold either a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) or a
Doctor of Psychology (PsyD), which is somewhat more applied in focus.
Agree or disagree?
It is critical that all clinical psychologists received many years of training in
scientific, experimental psychology.
He starts with experiemtal psychology and tries to apply this into the clinical realm
Who is Hugo Munsterberg?
Hugo Münsterberg (1863-1916)
- Prussia (now Poland), PhD with Wundt + MD
- Disagreed with Wundt about the nature of will; will as
epiphenomenon - Takes over James’ Harvard psych lab
- 7th APA president
- Championed an applied psychology
- Treatment of mental illnesses through expectation (noted that this did
not work for psychosis) - Forensics: unreliability of eyewitness testimony, possibility of false
confessions - Industrial psychology: need to consider IDs for personnel selection
and job assignments
One of the key places him and windty disagree was about
the concept of the will
- mnsterburg doubts that the will is actually invvoled in voluntary behviour
^- thinks that will is a side affect of how psychological processess work
Does some work thinking how to treat mental illess
- worked on trying to change ppls epexeptations about recovery
- changing someones expectattions was not good for phycosis
Who is Walter Dill Scott?
Walter Dill Scott (1869-1955)
- PhD with Wundt
- Published magazine articles and The Theory and
Practice of Advertising (1903), applying
psychological ideas to advertising
“The successful advertiser must be a psychologist”
assits military with peronsal selction
Who is Howard K. Nixon?
Howard K. Nixon (? – 1963)
- PhD in Psychology, Columbia;
appointed to the newly formed
business school - Developed an analogue version of
eye-tracking to test print ads - “Irrelevant illustrations do attract
more attention and hold interest
longer than do relevant ones.”
looked at how much people looked at the advertisments
- look at very different kinds of adverstiments. Ab testing essentially
- this psychogy makes it way to business school
Discuss: Where do you see echoes of Scott and Nixon’s work – measuring attention for the
sake of advertising – in the present day?
Frederick Winslow Taylor was an engineer who believed that there was one right
way to do any job. His program was labeled (96)
A. expert efficiency
C.* scientific management
B. industrial engineering
D. efficiency by design
Psychologist Hugo Münsterberg was especially interested in making
Who is Lillian Gilbreth?
Lillian Gilbreth 1878 - 1972
- F. Taylor (engineer; 1856-1915) – sought to train workers to move and rest as efficiently as possible by
planning and timing their actions - Frank Gilbreth and Lillian Gilbreth (PhD Psych) developed this further in the 1910s and 1920s into time-
and-motion studies, relying in part on long-exposure photography they called chronocylegraphs
The first translation of the Binet Intelligence Scale for an American audience was
done by (99)
A. Lewis Terman
C. William Stern
B.* Henry H. Goddard
D. David Wechsler
B.* Henry H. Goddard
Who is Francis Galton?
Francis Galton (1822-1911)
- English thinker, conceptualizes the science of eugenics as an
application of Darwin’s new (~1859) evolutionary theory - Proposes incentives for the “best kind of people” to have many
children
Galton is not himself a psychologist but his ideas are brought to psychology by Henry Goddard
Who is Henry H. Goddard?
Henry H. Goddard (1866-1957
- PhD GS Hall
- Taught at Pennsylvania’s State Normal School; director of
research at an institution for children with intellectual disabilities - Translated and administered the Binet-Simon Intelligence Test to
schoolchildren and, later, hopeful US immigrants - Traced the ancestry of Deborah “Kallikak,” a woman with an IQ of
41, reporting that “feeble-mindedness” ran along genetic lines
(1912)
“If both parents are feeble-minded all the children will be feeble-
minded. It is obvious that such matings should not be allowed. It is
perfectly clear that no feebleminded person should ever be allowed
to marry or to become a parent. It is obvious that if this rule is to be
carried out, the intelligent part of society must enforce it.”
He meets a women named debra who has an IQ of 41 and he traces her ancestry to see how intellectual disabilities
ran in her family
- 20 states pass sterilization laws following Goddard’s work
- 1000s of “undesirables” sterilized up until the 1970s in both the US
and Canada (including BC)
Who is leilani Muir?
Leilani Muir was sterilized in 1959 following an IQ test.
She successfully sued the AB government, which has
since awarded $82 million to 246 other victims
Discussion:
Cattell’s mental tests at Columbia (~1901) fail to
predict college performance and fall from favour.
Goddard’s use of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Test
(~1910s) is enormously impactful.
Compare these testing programs in their
assumptions, goals, and outcomes.
In this chapter, scientific psychology intersects with advertising, business, law,
health, and reproduction…
Titchener’s criticism was this:
“So far is experimental psychology from any general readiness to furnish ideas for application, that applied
psychology has been obliged to think out ideas for itself; and so far is applied psychology from reliance upon
the parent discipline, that some of its most widely used and most strongly emphasized ideas contravene
established scientific principles”
Are there ways that modern psychology also “gets out over its skis?” Should there
be limits to what psychologists should consult or advise on?
