Lecture 8

Question 1

Neurons?

Answer 1

-Different neuron shapes allows for different functions
-Different synapse types allows for different functions
-Human Brain has ~100B neurons and ~100T synapses

Question 2

Few Dendrites allows for?

Answer 2

Specificity

Question 3

Many Dendrites allows for?

Answer 3

Intensity or Integration

Question 4

Chemical Synapse allows for?

Answer 4

Adaptability

Question 5

Electrical Synapse allows for?

Answer 5

Speed

Question 6

Brain has 3 Cortexes?

Answer 6

-Neocortex
-Mesocortex
-Allocortex

Question 7

Neocortex?

Answer 7

Highly evolved and responsible for decision making personality, and other higher order thinking

Question 8

Mesocortex?

Answer 8

Limbic system responsible for emotion and memory function

Question 9

Allocortex?

Answer 9

Within mesocortex and critical for creating new memories

Question 10

Cortical Lobes?

Answer 10

-Frontal Lobe
-Parietal Lobe
-Occipital Lobe
-Temporal Lobe

Question 11

(Cortical Lobes)
Frontal Lobe?

Answer 11

-Movement (motor cortex - posterior portion of frontal lobe)
-Complex behaviors: planning, changing strategies, self awareness, attention to emotionally related stimuli and spontaneity of behavior
-Production of speech (Broca’s area)

Question 12

(Cortical Lobes) Parietal Lobe?

Answer 12

-Somatosensory perception
-Some visually and acoustically related functions
-Perception of space and in monitoring the body’s position in space

Question 13

(Cortical Lobes) Occipital Lobe?

Answer 13

Vision

Question 14

(Cortical Lobes) Temporal Lobe?

Answer 14

-Hearing
-Some functions in vision, memory and factors of personality and social behavior
-Comprehending spoken words (Wernicke’s area)

Question 15

Subcortical Structures?

Answer 15

-Thalamus
-Hypothalamus
-Limbic System
-Basal Ganglia

Question 16

(Subcortical Structures)
Thalamus?

Answer 16

Information “relay station”

Question 17

(Subcortical Structures)
Hypothalamus?

Answer 17

Maintain homeostasis via hormones

Question 18

(Subcortical Structures)
Limbic System?

Answer 18

Emotion and memory (Hippocampus and Amygdala)

Question 19

(Subcortical Structures)
Basal Ganglia?

Answer 19

Decide whether to initiate movement or not

Question 20

Cerebellum?

Answer 20

-Motor control and coordination
-Has its own cortex and subcortical structures (deep nuclei)

Question 21

(Brainstem)
Cranial Nerves?

Answer 21

(Cerebrum)
-CN I (Olfactory)
-CN II (Optic)
(Midbrain)
-CN III (Oculomotor)
-CN IV (Trochlear)
(Pons)
-CN V (Trigeminal)
-CN VI (Abducens)
-CN VII (Facial)
-CN VIII (Vestibulo.)
(Medulla Oblongata)
-CN IX (Glosso.)
-CN X (Vagus)
-CN XI (Accessory)
-CN XII (Hypoglossal)

Question 22

Midbrain?

Answer 22

Sits on dorsal surface of Brainstem, behind Cerebellum
(Quadrigeminal Plate)

Question 23

Pons?

Answer 23

-Floor of 4th ventricle
-Consists of cerebellar peduncles which connect hemispheres of cerebellum (Superior (under colliculi)) (Middle (Bridge of Pons)) (Inferior (Inferior/Medial to Middle))

Question 24

Medulla?

Answer 24

-Pyramidal and lemniscal decussations (Gracile and Cuneate nucleus)
-Inferior olive
-Reticular formation
-Obex

Question 25

(Medulla) Inferior olive?

Answer 25

Motor control

Question 26

(Medulla) Reticular formation?

Answer 26

Arousal, consciousness (Extends into pons and midbrain)

Question 27

(Medulla) Obex?

Answer 27

4th ventricle narrows to central canal

Question 27

Spinal Cord?

Answer 27

-Sensory (afferent) tracts from nerve endings to CNS -Motor (efferent) tracts from CNS to effector muscles/organs (Dorsal Root ganglia) (Ventral Horn)

Question 28

(Spinal Cord) Dorsal Root ganglia?

Answer 28

Receive sensory information

Question 29

(Spinal Cord) Ventral Horn?

Answer 29

Sends out motor information

Question 30

Upper Motor Neurons?

Answer 30

-Originate in motor cortex or brainstem -Control signal output (spastic paresis during injury)

Question 31

Lower Motor Neurons?

Answer 31

-Spinal nerves and motor cranial nerves -Signal output (flaccid paralysis during injury)

Question 32

(CNS Support) Protective Layers?

Answer 32

1) BBB 2) Meninges 3) CSF

Question 33

(Protective Layers) Blood Brain Barrier?

Answer 33

Astrocytes + Endothelial Cells

Question 34

(Protective Layers) Meninges?

Answer 34

-Dura Mater -Arachnoid Mater -Pia Mater

Question 35

(Protective Layers) Cerebrospinal Fluid?

Answer 35

-Cushion/buoyancy -Maintains intracranial pressure -Waste clearance

Question 36

Cerebrovascular Supply?

Answer 36

-Despite heavily redundant paths, common injuries include: (Stroke (Ischemia, Hemorrhage), Aneurysm, Malformations) -Anterior choroidal artery (a distal branch of internal carotid) supplies varies subcortical structures

Question 37

(Imaging Techniques) Computerized Axial Tomograph (CT) Scan?

Answer 37

-360 degree X-Ray -Hypodense (dark) = edema/infarction -Hyperdense (bright) = calcification, hemorrhage, and bone trauma

Question 38

(Imaging Techniques) Electroencephalogram (EEG)?

Answer 38

Brain waves from an electrode array

Question 39

(Imaging Techniques) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)?

Answer 39

Shows oxygenated blood flow activity

Question 40

(Imaging Techniques) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan?

Answer 40

Positron-emitting radioactive molecules are fused with substance of interest and consumed/applied (Glucose --> detects activity) (Precursors (ex. AA) --> detect proteins) (Ligands --> detect receptor activity)

Question 41

(Imaging Techniques) Magnetoencephalography (MEG)?

Answer 41

(Direct measure of Brain Function) -Very high temporal and spatial resolution (millimeter precision) -Better than fMRI, PET, and SPECT

Question 42

(Imaging Techniques) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)?

Answer 42

(MRI shows anatomical structures, TISSUE and FLUID) -Magnetic field excites atoms, which release radio frequency, which is absorbed and recorded