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NeuroEndo Exam 2 > Lecture 8: Brain Development > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Brain Development Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

What parts of the CNS form during primary neurulation?

A

Future brain and lumbar spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the embryologic origin of the CNS

A

Ends of the neural plate fusing to form the neural tube

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3
Q

What part of the neural tube forms the brain?

A

Neural tube cranial to 4th somites

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4
Q

What are the three primary brain vesicles ?

A
  • Prosencephalon: forebrain
  • Mesencephalon: midbrain
  • Rhombencephalon: hindbrain
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5
Q

What primary brain vesicles divide in the 5th week?

A

Forebrain (Prosencephalon)

Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

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6
Q

What does the prosencephalon give rise to?

A
  • Telencephalon: cerebral hemipsheres, anterior 3rd ventricle & lateral venticles
  • Diencephalon: thalami structures and 3rd ventricle
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7
Q

What are derivatives from the mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain and cerebral aqueduct

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8
Q

What does the rhombencephalon give rise to?

A
  • Metencephalon: pons, cerebellum, and upper part of 4th ventricle
  • Myelencephalon: medulla and lower part of 4th ventricle
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9
Q

What does the midbrain flexure divide?

A

Midbrain and forebrain

Flexes forward

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10
Q

What does the cervical flexure divide?

A

Hindbrain and spinal cord

Flexes forward

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11
Q

What does the pontine flexure divide?

A

Divides hindbrain into rostral metencephalon and caudal myelecephalon (pons/cerebellum and medulla)

Extending

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12
Q

What are some structures formed in the myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)?

A
  • Alar Plate - lateral
    • Nucleus Gracilus and Cuneatus
    • Sensory modalities
    • PCML Fibers
  • Basal Plate - medial
    • Motor modalities
  • Pyramids (white matter dealing with motor tracts)
    • Corticospinal Tract fibers
  • Olivary Nuclei
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13
Q

What gives rise to sensory neurons that remain contained within the CNS?

A

Alar plate

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14
Q

What is the embryological origin of motor neurons that leave the CNS to go out to skeletal muscle?

A

Basal plate

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15
Q

Between the Alar and basal plates, which are lateral and which are medial?

A

Basal plates (motor) - medial

Alar plates (sensory) - lateral

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16
Q

What is the olivary nuclei

A

Neuroblasts that migrate ventrally from the alar plates in the medulla

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17
Q

What gives rise to the cerebellum?

A

Dorsal parts of the alar plates

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18
Q

What is cerebellar swellings

A

Cerebellum projects into 4th ventricle and overlaps pons, medulla and rostral part of the 4th ventricle

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19
Q

What coveres the ependymal roof of the 4th ventricle?

A

Pia Mater

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20
Q

What is tela choroidea?

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A

Pia mater + ependymal roof

21
Q

What forms the choroid plexus

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A

Proliferation and investing of the tela choroidea into the 4th ventricle

22
Q

How do the median and lateral apertures form?

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A

The roof of the 4th ventricle evaginates, forming outpockets that rupture.

23
Q

What gives rise to the superior and inferior colliculi?

where are they found?

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A

Neuroblasts from alar plate that migrate to the tectum

Midbrain

Colliculi deal with vision/hearing, which are sensory

24
Q

What gives rise to the tegmental nuclei?

What are some examples of tegmental nuclei?

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A

Neuroblast of basal plate in the midbrain

  • Red Nuclei
  • Reticular Nuclei
  • CN III Nuclei
  • CN IV Nuclei
25
What gives rise to substantia nigra? Where is it located in the brain?
Basal or alar plate that migrate ventrally Midbrain
26
How and where is the cerbreal aqueduct formed
Midbrain Narrowing of the neural canal
27
How and where are the cerebral peduncles (crus cerebri) formed?
Midbrain Fibers growing from the cerebral cortex
28
What structures does the diencephalon give rise to
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus & pineal gland
29
Are diencephalon structures grey or white matter?
Grey Matter
30
Where do mammilary bodies come from
Form on ventral surface of hypothalamus
31
What major structure is the caudate nucleus located adjacent to?
Lateral ventricle
32
What embryological layer gives rise to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Hypophyseal diverticulum (Rathke's pouch) from roof of stomodeum (primitive mouth) * When it fuses with posterior pituitary gland, Rathke's stalk degenerates
33
What embryological layer gives rise to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Neurohypophyseal diverticulum from floor of diencephalon downgrowth of diencephalon (neuroectoderm)
34
What is Infundibulum
Derived from neurohypophyseal diverticulum. It's the stalk of the pituatry that allows it to stay connected to the brain
35
How is the falx cerebri formed
Meschyme trapped in the longitudinal fissure of the telencephalon
36
What is holoprosencephaly?
SHH dysfunction that results in incomplete separation of cerebral hemispheres during development that can result in facial anomalies
37
Patient presents with epilepsy, headache, abnormal movements. Upon examination, he has a reduced frontonasal prominence and a cleft lip as well as some developmental delay. What disorder does he most likely have?
Holoprosencephaly
38
What are cerebral commissures examples
Groups of nerve fibers interconnecting the cerebral hemispheres 1. Lamina ternminalis 2. Anterior Commissure 3. Hippocampal comissure 4. Corpus Callosum
39
Lamina Terminalis
Largest cerebral commissure. Others form within it. Extends from roof of diencephalon to optic chiasm.
40
Anterior Commissure
Interconnects the two parietal lobes
41
Hippocampal commissure
Interconnects the hippocampi within each hemishere
42
What can happen if there is agenesis of corpus callosum?
Seizures and mental deficiency
43
What are the layers of the cerebral cortex?
From top to bottom: * Marginal Zone * Intermediate Zone * Subventricular Zone * Ventricular Zone
44
Where are the older and newer neurons in the cerebral cortex?
* Older Neurons: Deeper (Layer VI) * Newer Neurons: Superificial (Layer I)
45
Incomplete neuronal migration during 3-4 months can result in what brain disorder and what are the consequences
Lissencephaly (smooth brain). Seizures, profound mental deficiency & mild spatic quadriplegia
46
Types of Lissencephaly
Pachygria (broad, thick gyri) Agyria (lack of gyri) Neuronal heterotopia (cells in aberrant positions compared to a normal brain)
47
What is Lissencephaly characterized by?
Ventriculomegaly (englarged ventricles) malformation of corpus callosum
48
Microcephaly
Neurodevelopmental disorder where calvaria and brain are small, but face is normal sized
49
What can cause microcephaly?
* Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly * Ionizing Radiation * Infectious Agents' * Cytomegalovirus * Rubella * Toxoplasma gondii * Maternal Alcohol Abuse

NeuroEndo Exam 2 (13 decks)

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