Lecture 8: Moderation in regression (Alternative)

Question 1

What type of model explains how a predictor affects an outcome through a third variable?

Answer 1

Mediation

Question 2

What type of model explores when or for whom a predictor affects an outcome?

Answer 2

Moderation

Question 3

What type of model involves multiple predictors having independent effects on an outcome?

Answer 3

Simultaneous prediction

Question 4

What does moderation describe in regression analysis?

Answer 4

When the effect of a predictor on an outcome changes depending on a third variable

Question 5

What is the role of a moderator variable?

Answer 5

It changes the strength or direction of the IV-DV relationship

Question 6

Does a moderator directly affect the outcome or the predictor?

Answer 6

No

Question 7

What are the three ways a moderator can influence a predictor’s effect?

Answer 7

Enhance, diminish, or reverse it

Question 8

Does a moderator need to be independent of the predictor or outcome to be valid?

Answer 8

No

Question 9

Why is independence between the moderator and predictor sometimes preferred?

Answer 9

It makes interpretation easier

Question 10

What kind of research commonly includes correlated moderators and predictors?

Answer 10

Observational research

Question 11

What types of questions does moderation analysis aim to answer?

Answer 11

For whom or under what conditions an effect occurs

Question 12

In the speed-dating study, what was hypothesised to moderate the effect of perceived traits on attraction?

Answer 12

Stated preferences

Question 13

What did the speed-dating study find about stated vs. revealed preferences?

Answer 13

No moderation effect was found

Question 14

What moderates the effect of food intake on weight gain?

Answer 14

Exercise

Question 15

What moderates the link between facial masculinity and attractiveness?

Answer 15

Gender

Question 16

What moderates the relationship between genetic predisposition and depression?

Answer 16

Stressful life events

Question 17

Which two statistical methods can test for moderation?

Answer 17

ANOVA and multiple regression

Question 18

When is multiple regression preferred for testing moderation?

Answer 18

When variables are measured, not manipulated

Question 19

Can moderators and predictors be either continuous or categorical in regression?

Answer 19

Yes

Question 20

What determines whether linear or logistic regression is used in moderation analysis?

Answer 20

The type of outcome variable

Question 21

What is the first step in moderated multiple regression?

Answer 21

Mean-centering the predictor and moderator

Question 22

Why do we mean-center variables in moderation analysis?

Answer 22

To reduce multicollinearity and help interpretation

Question 23

What is created by multiplying the centred predictor and moderator?

Answer 23

An interaction term

Question 24

What analysis method is used to test the moderation effect in regression?

Answer 24

Hierarchical regression

Question 25

What is entered into Block 1 of a hierarchical regression?

Answer 25

The predictor and moderator

Question 26

What is added in Block 2 of a hierarchical regression?

Answer 26

The interaction term

Question 27

What indicates that a moderation effect is present?

Answer 27

A significant change in R²

Question 28

What analysis follows a significant interaction to examine effects at different moderator levels?

Answer 28

Simple slopes analysis

Question 29

What is typically used to define “high” and “low” levels of a moderator in analysis?

Answer 29

±1 standard deviation from the mean

Question 30

What helps visually show the presence of moderation?

Answer 30

An interaction plot

Question 31

Does the order of predictor and moderator affect the statistical outcome in moderation analysis?

Answer 31

No

Question 32

What is needed to make causal claims in moderation analysis?

Answer 32

A theoretical rationale

Question 33

Can moderation analysis by itself establish causality?

Answer 33

No

Question 34

What tool in SPSS automates moderation analysis steps?

Answer 34

PROCESS macro

Question 35

Who developed the PROCESS macro?

Answer 35

Andrew Hayes

Question 36

What does the PROCESS macro automatically perform in simple moderation?

Answer 36

Mean-centering, interaction term creation, and regression

Question 37

What PROCESS model is used for a single moderator?

Answer 37

Model 1

Question 38

What PROCESS model is used for two moderators?

Answer 38

Model 2

Question 39

What is the focus of moderated mediation?

Answer 39

The indirect effect (mediation)

Question 40

How many variables are required at minimum for moderated mediation?

Answer 40

Four

Question 41

What is one way a moderator can influence mediation?

Answer 41

It changes the strength of the indirect effect

Question 42

What is another way a moderator can influence mediation?

Answer 42

It determines which indirect pathway is active

Question 43

What is the primary focus of mediated moderation?

Answer 43

The direct effect (moderation)

Question 44

What explains the moderation effect in mediated moderation?

Answer 44

A mediator

Question 45

What role does the mediator play in mediated moderation?

Answer 45

It accounts for the interaction effect

Question 46

With a single mediator, what path can a moderator influence?

Answer 46

Predictor-to-mediator

Question 47

What is the other path a moderator can influence with a single mediator?

Answer 47

Mediator-to-outcome

Question 48

In parallel mediation, what does the moderator determine?

Answer 48

Which mediator's pathway is active

Question 49

How can a moderator shape the overall predictor-outcome relationship?

Answer 49

By influencing which indirect pathway is used

Question 50

What can moderation help explain in psychological findings?

Answer 50

Inconsistent effects across samples or contexts

Question 51

What does moderation help identify in theory development?

Answer 51

Boundary conditions

Question 52

What makes moderation analysis more accessible for researchers?

Answer 52

The PROCESS macro