lecture 83 Flashcards
svensson -- pharmacology of psychedelics and psychoactive inhalants
what is the definition of psychedelics?
agents that produce non-ordinary and variable forms of conscious experiences
include changes in mood, thoughts, and distorted perceptual sensations generally only experienced in dreams
what are delusions?
fixed, false beliefs that conflict with reality
despite contrary evidence, a person in a delusional state cannot let go of these convictions
what are hallucinations?
a sensory perception that occurs in the ABSENCE of an actual external stimulus and usually arise from neurological disturbances or in response to drugs
what neurological conditions or drugs can induce hallucinations?
delirium tremens
SZ
PD
narcolepsy
LDS
phencyclidine
what are illusions?
special perceptual experiences in which information arising from REAL external stimuli leads to an incorrect perception or false impression of the object or event from which the stimulation comes
what is visionary restructuralization?
sensory illusions
what is oceanic boundlessness?
highly pleasurable state of self dissolution
what is anxious ego-dissolution?
thought disorder leading to an unpleasant state of anxiety and sense of loss of control
what are the characteristics of LSD?
lysergic acid
most widely recognized classical psychedelic
derivative of tryptamine
what are the characteristics of DMT?
dimethyltryptamine
naturally occurring psychedelic found in the Ayahuasca vine, which is commonly harvested in the peruvian amazon
what are the characteristics of psilocybin?
prodrug of the psychedelic psilocin
found in over 200 types of mushrooms
what are the characteristics of mescaline?
a phenethylamine psychedelic found in peyote cactus and other plants that has ampethamine-like activity
what are the characteristics of ketamine?
a dissociative psychedelic
NMDA receptor antagonist that induces anesthesia and analgesia
what are the characteristics of DXM?
dextromethorphan
NMDA receptor and SERT antagonist
commonly found in OTC cough syrups
what are the characteristics of phencyclidine (PCP)?
NMDA antagonist that is more potent than ketamine
sometimes used to lace tobacco or marijuana cigarettes
causes analgesia and is associated with self-harm
what are the characteristics of muscimol?
GABAa agonist found in Amanita muscaria that is a dissociative psychedelic
at commonly used doses what do psychedelics agents induce?
illusions more so than hallucinations
what are the primary characteristics of classical psychedelics?
derived from phenethylamine or tryptamine
act as 5-HT2a receptor agonists
ingestion results in a marked increase in global integration in the brain
what is the primary AE of concern after ingestion of a classical psychedelic?
acute dysphoric reaction or prolonged psychotic reactions
what are the potential therapeutic uses of classical psychedelics?
currently being investigated
cancer-related psychological distress, PTSD, depression, and SUD
what are the characteristics of alkyl nitrites?
exert their effects via release of nitric oxide (NO)
primary AE arise from production of methemoglobinemia
known as poppers
what are the characteristics of volatile solvents?
compounds that are liquids at room temp, but readily evaporate when exposed to air
effect numerous ion channels
GABAa potentiation mediates psychoactive effects
predominantly used by adolescents
can cause sudden sniffing death syndrome and asphyxiation
what is sudden sniffing death syndrome?
lethal event in which subjects experience an arrhythmia shortly after inhalation of a volatile solvent
what are the effects of long-term volatile solvent inhalation?
neurotoxic in both individuals who inhale them recreationally and via occupational exposure
