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Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

When can implantation occur

A

Only after zona shed

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2
Q

What is invasive implantation

A

Early embryo attachment

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3
Q

What does invasive implantation allow

A

Faster uterine entry and blastocyst formation

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4
Q

What is non-invasive implantation

A

Late embryo attachment

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5
Q

What does non-invasive implantation allow

A

Slower blastocyst formation and uterine entry

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6
Q

How many cells are in the cleavage stage

A

2-8

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7
Q

What kind of cells are in the cleavage stage

A

Totipotent blastomeres

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8
Q

How many cells are in the morula stage

A

16 - 32

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9
Q

What is formed in the morula stage

A

Inner and outer cell populations

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10
Q

How many cells are in the blastocyst stage

A

64+

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11
Q

What kind of cells are in the blastocyst stage

A

Pluripotent inner cell mass

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12
Q

Which is the first cell differentiation event

A

Blastocyst stage

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13
Q

What kind of cell populations does the morula have

A

Inner and outer

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14
Q

What junctions are formed between inner cells

A

Gap junctions

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15
Q

What junctions are formed between outer cells

A

Tight junctions

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16
Q

What occurs when Na+ is pumped into the morula

A

Influx of water

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17
Q

Where does fluid accumulation occur in the blastocyst

A

Blastocoel cavity

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18
Q

When does trophoblast differentiation occur

A

increase CDX2 in outer cells

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19
Q

When does inner cell mass differentiation occur

A

increase OCT4 in inner cells

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20
Q

What happens when there is a rapid growth and enzymes in the blastocyst

A

Hatching from zona pellucida

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21
Q

How are membranes formed (9)

A
  1. Inner cell mass divides into epiblast and hypoblast
  2. Mesoderm forms in between
  3. Hypoblast lines inside of trophoblast
  4. Hypoblast joint to form the yolk sack
  5. Mesoderm envelopes epiblast, hypoblast and inner trophoblast
  6. Amniotic cavity forms within epiblast
  7. Tri-layered embryonic disc differentiates into 3 embryonic germ layers
  8. Amnions and yolk sac expand and develop
  9. Chorion forms from trophoblast and extra-embryonic mesoderm
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22
Q

What does the inner cell mass divide into

A

Epiblast and hypoblast

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23
Q

What forms in-between the epiblast and hypoblast

24
Q

What do hypoblast line the inside of

A

Trophoblast

25
What does the hypoblast joint to form
Yolk sac
26
What does the mesoderm envelope
1. Epiblast 2. Hypoblast 3. Inner trophoblast
27
What doe chorion form from
trophoblast and extra embryonic mesoderm
28
Folding of the embryonic disc | Outer ectoderm
Outer skin and nervous tissue
29
Folding of the embryonic disc | Inner endoderm
Primitive gut
30
Folding of the embryonic disc | Middle mesoderm
Many internal tissues
31
What does allantois form from
Out-pocket of endoderm
32
What does the fusion of the allantois and chorion form
Chorioallantoic placenta
33
What is the function of amnions (4)
1. Prevents physical trauma 2. Maintains temperature 3. Avoids embryonic structures fusing 4. Permits movement
34
What is the function of the yolk sac (3)
1. Brief nutrient support 2. part of future gut 3. source of early blood cells and vessels
35
What does the allantois form
Base of umbilical cord
36
What do chorion and chorionic villi with maternal ducida form
True placenta
37
Where are nutrients derived from in pre-implatation
Uterine secretion - histiotrophic nutrition
38
Where are nutrients derived from in post-implatation
Maternal blood - haemotrophic nutrition
39
What is the first stage of implantation
Attachment
40
In attachment what does oestrogen stimulate
appearance of adhesion molecules
41
In attachment what does progestrogen make
endometrial epithelium receptive to binding
42
Purpose of obligatory delayed implantation
Offspring born at time of maximum food availability
43
When does facultative delayed implantation occur
Due to suckling of young
44
Why does facultative delayed implantation occur
Prolactin inhibits endogenous oestrogen secretion = no embryo binding
45
What is invasive implantation
Aggressive invasion of the uterus by syncytiotrophoblast cells
46
What does stimulation fo the endometrial storm form
Decidua
47
What type of implantation is with the discoidal placenta
Haemochorial
48
What type of implantation is with the zonary placenta
Endotheliochorial
49
What do chemical signals cause to from decimal cells
Stromal cells
50
What do decidual cells form part of
Placenta
51
What do trophblast grow to form
Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast
52
Where do blastocyst burrow
Endometrium
53
What does invasiveness of trophoblast depend on
Expression and regulation of various different proteolytic enzymes
54
What does invasion allow
The blastocyst to pass through the basement membrane and storm intercellular matrix but extent of invasion must be controlled by the decidua
55
What is growth of new blood vessels in the stroma stimulated by
Decidua and trophoblast
56
What are the extra-embryonic membranes (4)
1. Chorion 2. Yolk sac 3. Amnion 4. Allantois

Physiology (14 decks)

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