Lecture 9: Biotechnology Flashcards
(13 cards)
Restrictions Endonucleases
Enzymes that cut DNA at specific codes (nucleotide sequences)
What test was done by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer?
(1st Test) Clawed toad genes inserted into bacteria
DNA Fingerprinting
sequence
code of sample DNA (a portion
or whole genome) or compare
digested samples via
gel electrophoresis and compare
“markers”
What are the techniques of biotechnology?
Production of cDNA using Reverse Transcriptase, DNA Fingerprinting, Restriction Endonucleases, Polymerase Chain Reaction
Polymerase Chain Reaction
MACHINE THAT REPLICATES A
SMALL SAMPLE OF DNA INTO
A LARGER AMOUNT OF
IDENTICAL SAMPLE (ENOUGH
TO WORK WITH)
Who invented the Polymerase Chain Reaction
Kary Mullins (Nobel Prize, 1993)
CPISPR
New technique allows precise gene editing
Human Genome Project
PUBLIC EFFORT, HIGHLY
COLLABORATIVE (FRANCIS
COLLINS LED); PRIVATE
EFFORT COMPLETED IN
EARLY 2001 (J. CRAIG VENTER
LED); HUMAN GENOME
MAPPED AND SEQUENCED;
NEXT STEP IS UNDERSTANDING THE FUNCTIONS
OF GENES (AND RESULTING
PROTEINS)
Genetic Screening
GENETICISTS USE
INTERVIEWS AND DNA
FINGERPRINTING;
CONCERNS REGARDING
INSURANCE AND
POTENTIAL
DISCRIMINATION
Genetic Therapy
INJECT
“HEALTHY GENES” INTO
BLOOD OR EYES; SOME
SUCCESS IN DISEASES
OF THE BLOOD (IMMUNE
DISORDERS)
Genetic Engineering (Recombinant Tech)
MANIPULATE
GENES IN BACTERIA OR FERTILIZED
EGG; REPLACE UN-WANTED GENE
WITH COPY OF DESIRED GENE
Transgenic Organisms
BECAUSE GENETIC CODE AND
RIBOSOME “MACHINERY” SHARED IN ALL ORGANISMS,
BACTERIA (AND OTHER ORGANISMS) CAN MAKE
HUMAN PROTEINS IF APPROPRIATE GENE IS INSERTED
INTO CELL (OR FERTILIZED EGG); SUCH PROTEINS ARE
OFTEN MEDICINES (EX., REPLACE CASEIN GENE IN MILK
OF SHEEP OR GOATS WITH DESIRED GENE)
Agricultural Applications?
GENES FOR NATURAL INSECTICIDES,
DROUGHT-RESISTANCE, AND FROSTRESISTANCE TRANSFERRED TO
CROPS
* MONSANTO TOMATO: THE FIRST
TRANSGENIC FOOD CROP
