Lecture 9: The Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
What is the Nervous System divided into?
A
CNS and PNS
2
Q
What is included in the CNS?
A
The brain and spinal cord
3
Q
What is the function of the CNS?
A
- Integrates, processes and coordinates sensory data and motor commands
- Seat of higher intelligence
4
Q
What is included in the seat of higher functions?
A
- Intelligence
- Memory
- Learning
- Emotions
5
Q
What is the function of the Peripheral nervous system?
A
- Carry sensory information from receptors to CNS (afferent)
* Carry motor commands from the CNS to periphery (efferent)
6
Q
What are the 3 main parts of the Brain?
A
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Brainstem
7
Q
What are Nuclei?
A
The bundles of cell bodies of neurons on the CNS
8
Q
What are Tracts?
A
The axons of cell bodies in the CNS
9
Q
What are Ganglia?
A
Clusters of cell bodies in the PNS
10
Q
What are the Axons in the PNS known as?
A
Nerves
11
Q
What are the two types of nerves in the PNS?
A
Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves
12
Q
Which nerves originate from the Brainstem?
A
Cranial Nerves
13
Q
What are the two division of the Peripheral Nervous system?
A
Somatic and Autonomic (visceral)
14
Q
What are the two divisions of the Somatic Nervous System?
A
Motor and Sensory
15
Q
What are the two divisions of the Autonomic (visceral) nervous system?
A
Motor and Sensory
16
Q
What are the two divisions of the Motor Autonomic Nervous system?
A
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
17
Q
What is the meaning of Somatic?
A
It innervates the somatic body wall ie. Skin, bones, muscle
18
Q
What is a Motor Neuron?
A
Any neuron that synapses with a skeletal muscle
19
Q
What does the Autonomic nervous system control?
A
Organs
20
Q
What nerves are part of the PNS?
A
- Cranial Nerves
- Spinal Nerves
- Peripheral Ganglia
21
Q
What are Neurons?
A
Nerve cells that conduct signals
22
Q
What are Neuroglia?
A
Support cells for neurons
23
Q
How many neurons are there in the brain?
A
100 Billion
24
Q
How do neurons form connections to other cells?
A
Via Synapses
25
Describe the axon of a neuron?
An extension of the cytoplasm with filaments so it doesn't bend
26
What are the protein signals that neurons have?
Synapses
27
What are the two signals that create synapses?
Electrical and chemical signals
28
What do Dendrites do?
They receive signals from other neurons
29
What does the size of the Axon depend on?
The function of the axon
30
What is a Synapse?
Point of contact of an axon terminal with another cell
31
How does a Neurotransmitter transmit an impulse?
Via neurotransmitters
32
How many axons do Sensory Neurons have?
2 Axons
33
Where are the Cell Bodies of all neurons found?
In the spinal cords
34
What happens when an action potential reaches the synaptic terminal?
Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft
35
What do Neuroglia do for cells?
They support cells for the neurons
36
What are the Neuroglia in the PNS?
Schwann cells and satellite glial cells
37
What are the Neuroglia in the CNS?
* Astrocytes
* Oligodendrocytes
* Microglia
* Ependymal cells
38
Where are Satellite Cells found?
Around the cell body of sensory nerve
39
What is function of Satellite Cells?
They have a supportive role (regulate neurotransmitters, O2 and CO2)
40
What is the function of Schwann cells?
They Myelinate peripheral axons (sensory and motor) to protect the electrical signal as it moves down the axon
41
What is the function of Oligodendrocytes?
* Myelinate CNS axons
| * Provide structural framework
42
What is the function of Microglia?
Remove cell debris, wastes and pathogens by phagocytosis
43
What is the function of Astrocytes?
* Maintain blood-brain barrier
* Provide structural support
* Regulate ions, nutrients and dissolved gas concentration
* Absorb and recycle neurotransmitters
* Form scar tissue after injury
44
How many axons do Oligodendrocytes Myelinate?
As many as it can reach
45
What is the function Ependymal cells?
* Line ventricles of the brain
| * Circulate cerebrospinal fluid
46
What causes Multiple Sclerosis?
The lack of Oligodendrocytes myelinate axons
47
What is the function of the Meniges?
Cover and protect the CNS
48
What are the 3 layers of the Meninges?
* Dura Mater
* Arachnoid Mater
* Pia Mater
49
Where does Cerebrospinal fluid sit in the CNS?
Between the Arachnoid and Pia Mater
50
What are Sucli?
The groves in the brain
51
What are Gyri?
The hills in the brain
52
What is the function of Cerebrum?
* Higher cognitive function
* Language and speech
* Somatic motor function
* Somatic sensory function
* Regulates the emotional aspects of behavior
53
What is the Frontal lobe associated with?
* Thinking, planning, personality
| * Motor Planning
54
Which cortex does the Frontal lobe contain?
The primary motor cortex
55
Which cortex does the Parietal lobe contain?
The Primary Somatosensory Cortex lobe
56
What occurs in the Parietal lobe?
Perception of self in space
57
What is processed in the occipital lobe?
Vision
58
What happens in the Temporal lobe?
Learning memory and hearing
59
What does PreCG mean?
Precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)
60
What does PosCG mean?
Postcentral Gyrus (primary sensory cortex)
61
What is the Motor Homunculus?
The mapping of the parts of the brain dedicated to motor processing
62
What is the Somatosensory Homunculus?
The mapping of the parts of the brain dedicated to sensory processing
63
What kind of matter is in the different parts of the brain?
* Outer (Cortex): Grey matter
| * Inner (Medulla): White matter
64
What are the 3 types of Fibre Tracts in the Brain?
* Association fibres
* Commissural fibres
* Projection fibres
65
What kind of connections do Association fibres form?
Intrahemispheric connections
66
What kind of connections do Commissural fibres form?
Interhemispheric connections
67
What kind of connections do Projection fibres form?
To and from the cortex connections
68
What do Short Association fibres connect?
Short Association fibres
69
What do Long Association fibres connect?
Cerebral lobes in the same hemisphere
70
How does the Cerebellum act as a Comparator?
It compares intended movement with evolving movement and corrects for errors
71
Which part of the brain ensures movements are smooth, coordinated and purposeful (skilled)?
The cerebellum
72
Which part of the brain regulates posture and balance?
The Cerebellum
73
What are the parts of the Brainstem?
* Midbrain
* Pons
* Medulla
74
What does the Midbrain Contain?
Motor and Sensory pathways that connect the cerebral cortex to the brain
75
Which nuclei does the Brainstem house?
The Cranial nerve nuclei
76
What is the Reticular activating system important for?
Arousal of cortex and consciousness
77
Where are centers for regulating swallowing and gag reflex?
In the brainstem
78
What is found in the Midbrain?
* Substantia Nigra
| * Relay centers for visual and auditory pathways
79
What is the function of the substantia Nigra?
•Regulate motor activity
80
What happens if the Substantia Nigra undergoes neuronal degradation?
Parkinson's disease
81
Which nerves are attached to the midbrain?
•Cranial nerves III and IV
82
What is the Pons?
A bridge between the Cerebrum and the Cerebellum
83
Which nerves are attached to the pons?
Cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIII
84
What does the Medulla oblongata contain?
Vital cardio-respiratory regulatory centres
85
Which nerves originate in the medulla oblongata?
Cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII
86
What are the Ventricles of the brain called?
Lateral Ventricles
Third Ventricle
Fourth ventricle
87
Which artery supplies the brain?
The internal carotid artery
88
What does the Carotid cerebral artery split into?
The middle cerebral artery of and the Anterior cerebral artery
89
What does the Middle Cerebral Artery supply?
The lateral parts of the brain (all lobes)
90
What does the Anterior Cerebral Artery supply?
The medial structures of the brain (mostly frontal and parietal lobes)
91
What does the Posterior Cerebral Artery supply?
The underside of the temporal lobe and the medial parts of the occipital lobe
