Lecture 9: Vaccines

Question 1

Active immunity

Answer 1

Protection is make in someone as a result of exposure to antigen or pathogen (natural infection or vaccine)

Question 2

Passive immunity

Answer 2

Pre-formed protection provided when an individual receive antibodies from someone (breast milk)

Question 3

Describe the vaccine pathway to infection?

Answer 3

Infected, disease, immunity. Vaccine bypasses the disease step

Question 4

Vaccines stimulate our immune system to make ______ without leading to _________

Answer 4

Antibodies, infection caused by the pathogen

Question 5

Following a vaccine, a patient faces secondary exposure to disease A. What happens?

Answer 5

A secondary response to the second exposure is faster and leads to more antibody production than we saw in the initial exposure from the vaccine.

Question 6

Primary response

Answer 6

7-14 days

Question 7

Anamestic response

Answer 7

1-2 days

Question 8

Live-attenuated vaccine

Answer 8

Highly effective, contraindicated in immunocompromised and pregnant.

Question 9

What types of disease can LA vaccines protect patients from?

Answer 9

Mumps, measles, rubella, VZV, rotavirus, yellow fever

Question 10

Inactivated Vaccine

Answer 10

Not as immunogenic as live vaccines and usually need a few boosters

Question 10

What are some diseases that a killed vaccine can protect patients from?

Answer 10

Hep A, Influenza

Question 11

Polysaccharide Vaccines

Answer 11

Affect the outer coating of a vaccine. Not very immunogenic and require frequent boosters.

Question 12

What are some diseases that a poly-vaccine can protect patients from?

Answer 12

Heb B, pneumococcal 23

Question 13

What are some detriments to a polysaccharide vaccine?

Answer 13

Elicits few T cell immune responses in kids under 2, doesn’t alter bacterial carriage, progressive boosters might not elicit same quality of immune responses.

Question 14

Toxoid Vaccines

Answer 14

Made of bacterial toxins that are rendered harmless to protect against activity of toxins

Question 15

Subunit Vaccines

Answer 15

Immune responses to part of the pathogen.
-Protein subunits
-Good T-cell immunity and leads to reduction in organism carriage

Question 16

mRNA Based Vaccines

Answer 16

-Viral genetic code is used to develop the vaccine
-Vaccine leads to protein production which issued by T cells to destroy diseased cells

Question 17

Recombinant Vector Vaccines

Answer 17

Use one virus to transport proteins of another virus into pt. Strong immune responses, issues finding viral vectors that don’t have pre-existing immune responses

Question 18

What are some inDEVO DNA vector vaccines being developed?

Answer 18

WNV, HIV, measles, malaria, ebola

Question 19

What are some characters of a good viral vector?

Answer 19

Safe, low toxicity, can be cell specific, stable over time, not integrate with host DNA, immunogenic with little pre-existing immunity

Question 20

Properties of a good vaccine

Answer 20

Stable, easy to transport, long term protection, inexpensive

Question 21

Basic summary of how a vaccine works?

Answer 21

-Presents the antigen or foreign proteins to the host
-Host T-cell or antibody response (fluid form with preservatives and stabilizers so they can can be stored over time)
-Typically proteins need to be carried on immune agonists (adjuvants)

Question 22

What is an adjuvant

Answer 22

Immune agonists that can elicit strong immune response. This is things like typhoid toxin, alum

Question 23

Example of live attenuated

Answer 23

Varicella, mumps, measles

Question 24

Example of subunit vaccine

Answer 24

Bodetella pertussis

Question 25

Toxoid toxin example

Answer 25

tetanus and diphtheria

Question 25

Example of polysaccharide vaccine

Answer 25

streptococcus pneumococcus, N. meningitis

Question 26

mRNA vaccine example

Answer 26

SARS-CoV-2

Question 26

Recombinant DNA vaccine example

Answer 26

Hep B

Question 27

Individual protection

Answer 27

Protects whoever took the vaccine

Question 28

Community protection

Answer 28

Vaccination of a large proportion of the population allows for a reduction in the chances of non immune person becoming infected as well (herd immunity)

Question 29

How much of the population must be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity?

Answer 29

70-90%

Question 30

Vaccination may not lead to reduction in carriage this means...

Answer 30

Pathogen can still be circulating despite high levels of vaccination

Question 31

What are some things that can affect vaccine efficacy?

Answer 31

Vaccine compliance, environmental factors, persons immune status, how infectious the disease is

Question 32

Passive immunization

Answer 32

Temporary protection. Directly give them someone else's or lab antibodies. When there is no time to wait for vaccine induced response. This is an outbreak, severe infection, PEP Challenging to prepare since you need to ensure that the passive immunization form is free of all infectious agents

Question 33

Describe some situations where we may use passive immunity to protect patients?

Answer 33

Hep A/B, VZV, Measles, rabies, tetanus, diphtheria

Question 34

What is the most effective public health intervention?

Answer 34

Vaccines

Question 35

HPV: What is it? When does it rise?

Answer 35

STI, rise in infection rates in young, sexually active population, usually asymptomatic infection and cleared by immune system. This can progress to cervical cancer

Question 36

What is the development of cervical cancer from HPV linked to?

Answer 36

Ability to the virus to disrupt normal cell-cycle control which promotes uncontrolled cell division and accumulation of genetic damage

Question 37

Describe the basis of protection from HPV in the vaccine?

Answer 37

Neutralizing serum IgG that transudates from capillaries to genital epithelial mucosa and then bind to the viral particle

Question 38

Efficacy of HPV vaccine

Answer 38

96

Question 39

What virus causes shingles?

Answer 39

Varicella zoster from chicken pox. You don't need to be re-infected to develop shingles

Question 40

Who is the shingles vaccine given to?

Answer 40

Anyone over the age of 50