Lecture | Antimicrobial & Resistance

Question 1

the capacity to kill or suppress the growth of microorganisms

Answer 1

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

Question 2

Sources of Antibiotics :
1. Streptomyces spp.
2. Bacitracin and polymyxin - Bacillus species

Answer 2

Microorganisms (natural)

Question 3

Sources of Antibiotics : Chloramphenicol

Answer 3

Synthetic

Question 4

Sources of Antibiotics : produced by the fermentation process

Answer 4

Semi-synthetic

Question 5

Sources of Antibiotics : penicillins and cephalosporin

Answer 5

Semi-synthetic

Question 6

Inhibit bacterial growth but generally do not kill the organism

Answer 6

Bacteriostatic Agents

Question 7

kill target organism

Answer 7

Bactericidal

Question 8

Classification of antimicrobial agent : penicillins & cephalosporins

Answer 8

β-Lactam antibiotics

Question 9

Act by binding PBPs (penicillin-binding
proteins)

Answer 9

β-Lactam antibiotics

Question 10

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

Answer 10

β-Lactam antibiotics

Question 11

enzymes anchored in the cell membrane and necessary in the production and maintenance of the peptidoglycan layer

Answer 11

PBPs

Question 12

core of the structure of our beta lactam antibiotics is

Answer 12

Beta-lactam ring

Question 13

Classification of antimicrobial agent : Vancomycin

Answer 13

Glycopeptides

Question 14

Also inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis and Binds to the end of peptidoglycan

Answer 14

Glycopeptides

Question 15

directly binds to the terminal D-Ala of the pentapeptidyl-glycosyl peptidoglycan intermediates

Answer 15

Vancomycin

Question 16

blocks the transpeptidation

Answer 16

Glycopeptides/vancomycin

Question 17

binds to the substrate of the enzyme

Answer 17

glycopeptides

Question 18

drawback of glycopeptide

Answer 18

cannot penetrate to the outer membrane of most of gram negatives due to large size

Question 19

Binds to and disrupts the cell membrane and inserts its hydrophobic tail into the membrane, disrupting the cell membrane and increasing its permeability, which results in cell death

Answer 19

Lipopeptide

Question 20

Daptomycin - gram “?”

Answer 20

gram+

Question 21

Polymyxins - Gram “?”

Answer 21

Gram -

Question 22

are cyclic lipopeptide agents that disrupt bacterial cell membranes.

Answer 22

Polymyxins (polymyxin B and colistin)

Question 23

act as detergents, interacting with phospholipids in the cell membranes to increase permeability.

Answer 23

Polymyxins

Question 24

drawback about polymyxin

Answer 24

toxic to human cells

Question 25

simultaneously attack two targets in the same folic acid metabolic pathway

Answer 25

Sulfamethoxazole (trimethoprim + sulfonamide)

Question 26

fluoroquinolones target "?" in gram-negative organisms

Answer 26

topoisomerases II /DNA gyrase

Question 27

fluoroquinolones target "?" in gram-positive organisms

Answer 27

topoisomerase IV

Question 28

potent bactericidal agents and have a broad spectrum of activity

Answer 28

fluoroquinolones

Question 29

Ciprofloxacin is under the classification of antimicrobial agent?

Answer 29

Quinolones

Question 30

A semisynthetic antibiotics that bind to the enzyme DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and inhibit synthesis of RNA

Answer 30

Rifampin

Question 31

Targets DNA transcription and With isoniazid and pyrazinamide for treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 31

Rifamycins

Question 32

Gentamicin, streptomycin, kanamycin are under the classification of antimicrobial agent?

Answer 32

Aminoglycosides

Question 33

Inhibit protein synthesis: binding to protein receptors on the organism’s 30S ribosomal subunit

Answer 33

Aminoglycosides

Question 34

requires oxygen for it to be effective

Answer 34

Aminoglycosides

Question 35

effective in aerobic gram negative and staphylococcus aereus(gram+), but ineffective against anaerobic bacteria

Answer 35

Aminoglycosides

Question 36

bacterial uptake is accomplished by using combination cell wall active antibiotics such as b-lactams /vancomycin

Answer 36

Aminoglycosides

Question 37

Doxycycline or minocycline are under the classification of antimicrobial agent?

Answer 37

Tetracyclines

Question 38

Inhibit protein synthesis: interfere with the binding of the tRNA-amino acid complexes to the ribosome

Answer 38

Tetracyclines

Question 39

Broad spectrum of activity-bacteriostatic

Answer 39

Tetracyclines

Question 40

prevents peptide chain elongation

Answer 40

Tetracyclines

Question 41

Neiserria gonorrhoeae, mycoplasma, & spirochetes can be successfully treated with

Answer 41

Tetracyclines

Question 42

Inhibit protein synthesis: drug binding to the 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) on the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit

Answer 42

Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin group

Question 43

subsequent disruption of the growing peptide chain by blocking of translocation.

Answer 43

Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin group

Question 44

Macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin)

Answer 44

Gram positive bacteria, mycoplasmas, treponemes, and rickettsiae

Question 45

Lincosamides (clindamycin and lincomycin)

Answer 45

Anaerobic gram-positive bacteria

Question 46

Streptogramins (Quinupristin-dalfopristin)

Answer 46

Gram positive and some gram negative organisms

Question 47

Chemical derivatives of erythromycin A and Telithromycin

Answer 47

Ketolides

Question 48

Inhibit protein synthesis: Bind to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome

Answer 48

Ketolides

Question 49

key difference between the only currently available ketolide, telithromycin, and the macrolides

Answer 49

Telithromycin maintains activity against most macrolide- resistant gram-positive organisms

Question 50

Linezolid and tedizolid is under the classification of antimicrobial agent?

Answer 50

Oxazolidinones

Question 51

Inhibit protein synthesis: blocking the initiation step and translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site

Answer 51

Oxazolidinones

Question 52

prevent protein synthesis from initiation

Answer 52

Oxazolidinones

Question 53

inhibits the addition of amino acids to the growing peptide chain by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit --> inhibiting transpeptidation

Answer 53

Chloramphenicol

Question 54

Bone marrow toxicity--> aplastic anemia

Answer 54

Chloramphenicol

Question 55

Resistance resulting from the normal genetic, structural, or physiologic state of microorganisms

Answer 55

Intrinsic resistance

Question 56

Resistance resulting from altered cellular physiology and structure caused by changes in a microorganism’s genetic makeup

Answer 56

Acquired resistance

Question 57

record the result of our antimicrobial susceptibility test to detect resistance patterns in our clinical isolates

Answer 57

antimicrobial susceptibility profiles

Question 58

vancomycin are effective against gram negative or positive

Answer 58

gram-positive

Question 59

interfere with DNA replicatiin

Answer 59

Quinolones