Lecture | Infection control

Question 1

destruction of all forms of life, including bacterial SPORES– all-or-nothing process.

Answer 1

Sterilization

Question 2

selectively eliminating only a predefined scope microorganisms

Answer 2

Disinfection

Question 3

is due to the biochemical composition of microorganisms and various mechanisms that they can use to protect themselves.

Answer 3

viability

Question 4

enumerate types of bacteria from most resistant to least resistant

Answer 4

prions, bacterial spores, mycobacteria, non-lipid viruses, fungi, bacteria, and lipid viruses

Question 5

An organism that is most resistant to the actions of heat, chemicals, and radiation

Answer 5

Prions

Question 6

naked pieces of protein, similar to a virus but without the nucleic acid.

Answer 6

Prions

Question 7

agents that cause a number of degenerative diseases of the nervous system

Answer 7

Prions

Question 8

transmissible spongiform encephalopathy—mad cow disease, Creutzfeldt Jakob disease are caused by

Answer 8

Prions

Question 9

Referred to as the microbial load (bioburden)

Answer 9

Number of Organisms

Question 10

determines the exposure time that is necessary for 99.9% elimination of the microorganisms

Answer 10

microbial load/bioburden

Question 11

Ethanol is a volatile chemical so if its in its absolute form it will

Answer 11

evaporate

Question 12

not preferred as an disinfecting agent

Answer 12

ethanol

Question 13

affects killing activity by inactivating the disinfecting agent.

Answer 13

Organic material; blood, mucus, and pus

Question 14

easily inactivated by organic material

Answer 14

Bleach (sodium hypochlorite)

Question 15

endoscopic instruments are readily damaged by the heat generated in an autoclave. The alternative method is

Answer 15

chemical method

Question 16

contact time of surface disinfection and Instrument soak

Answer 16

Surface disinfection - 1 minute
Instrument soak- 20 minutes

Question 17

temperature of Disinfectants

Answer 17

20°C to 22°C

Question 18

pH of Glutaraldehyde

Answer 18

> 7.0

Question 19

pH of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Answer 19

9.0-10.0

Question 20

layers of microorganisms that often have a protective material over them that shields them from outside environmental factors

Answer 20

biofilm

Question 21

disinfection level of sporicidal

Answer 21

High

Question 22

disinfection level of Tuberculocidal

Answer 22

intermediate

Question 23

device classification:

materials that invade sterile tissues or enter the vascular system. These materials are most likely to produce infection if contaminated and require sterilization

Answer 23

Critical materials

Question 24

device classification:

come into contact with mucous membranes, they require high-level disinfection agents

Answer 24

Semicritical materials

Question 25

device classification: require intermediate-level to low-level disinfection before contact with intact skin

Answer 25

Noncritical materials

Question 26

Most common; safest method and Burned to ashes

Answer 26

Incineration

Question 27

Incineration temperature

Answer 27

870°C - 980°C

Question 28

limits the use of incineration

Answer 28

toxic air emissions and the presence of heavy metals

Question 29

Uses AUTOCLAVE

Answer 29

moist heat

Question 30

Moist Heat for media, liquids, & instrument uses a temperature, psi, and exposure time of ?

Answer 30

121°C (250 °F) at 15psi for 15 minutes

Question 31

moist heat temp and time for infectious medical waste

Answer 31

132°C for 30-60 minutes

Question 32

Also called as steam under pressure

Answer 32

moist heat

Question 33

used to sterilize bio hazardous trash and heat-stable objects

Answer 33

moist heat

Question 34

a large pressure cooker

Answer 34

autoclave

Question 35

Use to determine whether sterilization process is effective; serves as a quality control

Answer 35

biological indicator

Question 36

moist heat biological indicator

Answer 36

Bacillus steatothermophilus

Question 37

Tyndallization temp & exposure time

Answer 37

100°C for 30 min for 3 consecutiuve days

Question 38

Alternates heating & incubation

Answer 38

Tyndallization

Question 39

Inspissation temp. & exposure time

Answer 39

76-80°C for 2 hours for 3 consecutive days

Question 40

Dry Heat temp & exposure time

Answer 40

160-180°C for 1.5 - 3 hours

Question 41

Dry Heat Biologic indicator

Answer 41

Bacillus subtilis var. nigar

Question 42

used to sterilize items such as glassware, oil, petrolatum, or powders.

Answer 42

Dry Heat

Question 43

method of choice for antibiotic solutions, toxic chemicals, radioisotopes, vaccines, and carbohydrates or for heat sensitive

Answer 43

Filtration

Question 44

filtration wherein Liquids: Pulling the solution through a

Answer 44

cellulose acetate or cellulose nitrate

Question 45

air filtration

Answer 45

HEPA filters (High Efficiency Particulate Air)

Question 46

HEPA filters is for organisms size

Answer 46

> 0.3 um

Question 47

used for sterilizing disposables such as plastic syringes, catheters, or gloves before use

Answer 47

Ionizing radiation

Question 48

composed of short wavelength and high energy gamma rays

Answer 48

Ionizing radiation

Question 49

used in gaseous form for sterilizing heat- sensitive objects

Answer 49

Ethylene oxide

Question 50

Ethylene oxide Biological indicator:

Answer 50

Bacillus subtilis var. globigii

Question 51

disadvantage of Ethylene oxide

Answer 51

explosive

Question 52

450 to 700 mg/L of chamber space at 55°C to 60°C for 2 hours

Answer 52

Ethylene oxide

Question 53

chemical disinfection For HEPA filters in BSC

Answer 53

Formaldehyde Vapor & Vapor Phase Hydrogen Peroxide

Question 54

Glutaraldehyde is sporicidal in exposure time of

Answer 54

3 to 10 hours

Question 55

chemical disinfection for medical equipment such as bronchoscopes, because it does not corrode lenses, metal, or rubber.

Answer 55

Glutaraldehyde

Question 56

Remains active in the presence of organic matter

Answer 56

Glutaraldehyde

Question 57

use of glutaraldehyde or peracetic acid is called

Answer 57

Cold sterilization

Question 58

Chemicals use to destroy microbial life for shorter period or selective in its action

Answer 58

Disinfectants

Question 59

Disinfectants that are used in living tissue (skin)

Answer 59

Antiseptics

Question 60

kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis various fungi. they are not sporicidal and have poor activity against nonenveloped viruses

Answer 60

Alcohols

Question 61

inactivated by the presence of organic material

Answer 61

Sodium hypochlorite, Alcohols, and Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Question 62

It is not recommended in any form be used as a disinfectant or sterilant on a routine basis.

Answer 62

Formaldehydes

Question 63

Iodine can be used as a disinfectant in one of two forms

Answer 63

tincture or iodophor

Question 64

tinctures are alcohol and iodine solutions, used mainly as

Answer 64

antiseptics.

Question 65

tincture or iodophor are an example of

Answer 65

Halogens

Question 66

dilution of disinfectant for Blood spills

Answer 66

1:10 dilution of a 5.25% concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution

Question 67

Used as a disinfectant of water

Answer 67

Chlorine & Chlorine Compounds

Question 68

usually use as an eyedrop solution

Answer 68

Silver nitrate

Question 69

Silver nitrate is an example of

Answer 69

Heavy Metals

Question 70

action is mediated through disruption of the cellular membrane, use as skin antiseptics and disinfectants

Answer 70

Detergents: Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Question 71

Denatures proteins; disrupt cell membrane

Answer 71

Phenolics

Question 72

main use is in the disinfection of hospital, institutional, and household environments. They are also commonly found in germicidal soaps

Answer 72

Phenolics

Question 73

Gaseous form use for sterilization of heat-sensitive objects

Answer 73

Ethylene oxide

Question 74

Boiling at 100°C for 15 minutes kills

Answer 74

vegetative bacteria

Question 75

Pasteurizing kills food pathogens without damaging the nutritional value or flavor at a temperature and exposure time of

Answer 75

63°C for 30 minutes or 72°C for 15 seconds

Question 76

form of ultraviolet rays is of long wavelength and low energy

Answer 76

Nonionizing radiation

Question 77

drug or chemical that inhibits reproduction of microorganisms, but does not kill necessarily kill them

Answer 77

Microbiostatic Agents

Question 78

process that combines dehydration (drying) and freezing; Use for some isolates to preserve for further studies

Answer 78

Lyophilization

Question 79

merely slows the growth of most microorganisms; it does not completely inhibit growth

Answer 79

Cold/refrigeration

Question 80

sudden increase in the occurrence of a disease

Answer 80

Outbreak

Question 81

This step ensures that the rest of the investigation is based on a single definition.

Answer 81

Case Definition

Question 82

One needs to be certain that all the suspected cases match the case definition and that there is more than an expected number of cases.

Answer 82

Confirm that an outbreak exist

Question 83

Additional suspected cases may be discovered by more detailed investigation or by the new occurrence of cases.

Answer 83

Find additional cases

Question 84

gather as much information as possible about the cases with respect to person, place, and time

Answer 84

Characterize cases

Question 85

may be constructed to assist in the visualization of the outbreak numbers over time

Answer 85

An epidemiologic curve

Question 86

established as a best guess about the likely reservoir, source, and means of transmission. In testing that hypothesis, a control group is established; then the event is compared in the incident and control groups

Answer 86

Form a hypothesis

Question 87

Test the hypothesis with control groups and data collected

Answer 87

Test the hypothesis

Question 88

evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention

Answer 88

Institute control measures

Question 89

Determine whether the implemented activities have an impact on the outbreak.

Answer 89

Evaluate

Question 90

Document the investigation and communicate with all involved parties

Answer 90

Communicate the findings

Question 91

plays a crucial role in providing investigative support in an outbreak investigation and in the creation of routine surveillance information

Answer 91

microbiology laboratory

Question 92

patterns of sensitivity and resistance to antimicrobial agents in bacteria, can often be used in the investigation of an outbreak

Answer 92

Antiobiograms

Question 93

analysis of molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, for the detection, identification, and characterization of microorganisms to generate isolate-specific markers to assess epidemiologic relatedness

Answer 93

Molecular Epidemiology

Question 94

prevents full contact between objects and agent

Answer 94

organic materials; mucus, blood, pus

Question 95

use of both of these disinfectant agent negate the activity of both disinfectant

Answer 95

sodium hyphochlorite and quaternary ammonium compound