Lecture Assignment 2 Questions

Question 1

___________________ is anything that occupies space and has mass.

Answer 1

Matter

Question 2

A pure substance that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means is an ________________________________.

Answer 2

element

Question 3

An ____________________ is the smallest quantity of an element that retains the unique properties of that element.

Answer 3

atom

Question 4

Which of the atoms’ subatomic particles has a positive electrical charge? __________________________

Answer 4

protons

Question 5

The ________________ of an atom is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom.

Answer 5

atomic number

Question 6

________________________ emit subatomic particles that can be detected and tracked by imaging technologies.

Answer 6

Radioisotopes

Question 7

All electron shells hold eight electrons except the first shell, which can only hold ________.

Answer 7

two

Question 8

When a molecule is made up of two or more atoms of different elements, it is called a chemical __________________________.

Answer 8

compound

Question 9

An atom that has an electrical charge is called an _______________________.

Answer 9

ion

Question 10

The opposite charges of cations and anions exert a moderately strong mutual attraction that keeps the atoms in close proximity forming an_________________

Answer 10

ionic bond

Question 11

___________________ energy is stored energy.

Answer 11

chemical

Question 12

What kind of reaction is it when a chemical reaction breaks down something larger into its smaller constituent parts? __________________________

Answer 12

decomposition reaction

Question 13

Substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions are called _________________.

Answer 13

catalyst

Question 14

An ___________________________ is a substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen.

Answer 14

organic compound

Question 15

_______are formed when ions form ionic bonds.

Answer 15

Salts

Question 16

A _____________ can neutralize small amounts of acids or bases in body fluids.

Answer 16

buffer

Question 17

____________________ are referred to as saccharides, a word meaning “sugars.”

Answer 17

Carbohydrates

Question 18

__________________________releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are broken, suppling ready energy to the cell.

Answer 18

ATP

Question 19

What type of dietary lipid group is the most abundant type found in body tissues? ______________________

Answer 19

Triglyceride

Question 20

A _______________________ is an organic molecule composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Answer 20

protein

Question 21

What is the structure of an atom, including what is atomic number and atomic weight.

Answer 21

A. Proton—positive charge-found in nucleus, atomic weight of 1.

B. Neutron—neutral charge, found in nucleus, atomic weight of 1.

C. Electron—negative charge, revolves around the nucleus. atomic weight of zero.

Question 22

what is an orbit is and how many electrons can be in those orbits.

Answer 22

-Electrons arranged in orbits (shells, energy levels)
-Outermost shell is called valence shell
Specific number of electrons in each energy level:
2 electrons in first level
8 electrons in second level
8 or more electrons in third level

Question 23

Smaller simpler molecules are combined into larger molecules (building reactions) in the process of consuming energy.

Answer 23

Anabolism

Question 24

Breaks larger substances down into simpler molecules and releases energy

Answer 24

Catabolism

Question 25

The sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body.

Answer 25

Metabolism

Question 26

4 types of chemical reactions

Answer 26

A. Synthesis A + B  AB also called anabolic, dehydration B. Degradation AB  A + B also called catabolic, hydrolysis C. Exchange AB + CD  AC + BD combination of synthesis and degradation reactions D. Reversible A + B  AB

Question 27

Name some factors that influence rates of chemical reactions

Answer 27

A. Presence (or lack of) of heat B. Presence (or absence) of catalysts C. Distance between molecules D. Molecule particle size

Question 28

What is an ion and how are they formed and what happens when they dissolve in a solvent.

Answer 28

An atom that has an electrical charge—whether positive or negative—is an ion. An ion is formed when an atom participates in a chemical reaction that results in the donation or acceptance of one or more electrons, the atom will then become positively or negatively charged. Water is an essential component of life because it is able to break the ionic bonds in salts to free the ions.

Question 29

Atoms with a positive charge

Answer 29

cation

Question 30

Atoms with negative charge.

Answer 30

anion

Question 31

Compare and contrast an ionic bond and a covalent bond.

Answer 31

Ionic Bonds- Chemical Bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations. (Give an electron away or gain an electron) Covalent Bonds-Formed by sharing of electrons -Very strong bond Examples: H2 O2

Question 32

Name the properties of water

Answer 32

Solvent Chemical Reaction Participant Temperature Buffer Cooling Lubricant Most Abundant Compound in Cells

Question 33

What is formed when an acid is placed in water?

Answer 33

Ionize in Water to Form: Hydrogen Ion Anion Example: H2O HCl H+ + Cl-

Question 34

What is formed when a base is put in water?

Answer 34

Ionize in Water to Form: Hydroxyl Anion Cation Example: H2O NaOH Na+ + OH-

Question 35

What is is the relative Concentration of Hydrogen Ions and Hydroxyl Ions in the Body

Answer 35

pH

Question 36

Name 4 organic compounds found in the human body and their general function.

Answer 36

A. Carbohydrates—energy source (energy production). B. Lipids—energy storage. C. Proteins—multiple functions (messengers, receptors, structural integrity, etc.) D. Nucleic Acids—genetic code production and transport

Question 37

A catalyst composed of protein or ribonucleic acid (RNA).

Answer 37

Enzyme

Question 38

How are carbohydrates stored in animals?

Answer 38

Glycogen(aka fats)

Question 39

How are carbohydrates stored in plants?

Answer 39

As starch

Question 40

Name some things that can denature (inactivate) proteins

Answer 40

1) Extreme pH values -Gluteraldehyde solutions 2) High salt concentrations 3) Extreme temperatures -Heat sterilization 4)Harsh chemicals -Chemical sterilization

Question 41

The basic structure of DNA and the four bases that are present in DNA.

Answer 41

-Double Helix like a twisted ladder -contains sugar deoxyribose -4 Bases: Adenine to Thymine (A to T) Guanine to Cytosine (G to C)

Question 42

The basic structure of RNA and the four bases that are present in RNA.

Answer 42

Contains SugarRibose Contains Bases Adenine to Uracil (A to U) Guanine to Cytosine (G to C) Functions in Transport of DNA during Protein Synthesis

Question 43

3 Chemical Bonds

Answer 43

Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen Bonds

Question 44

How many layers of phospholipid membranes in a cell?

Answer 44

Two

Question 45

number of protons and the number of neutrons.

Answer 45

atomic weight

Question 45

number of electrons in an electrically stable atom.

Answer 45

number of protons