Lecture: Cells and Neuroanatomy Flashcards
1
Q
In what direction does information travel across a neuron?
A
From the cell body to the axon terminals
2
Q
What is the analogy to remember for dendrites?
A
Trees
3
Q
What color is myelin?
A
White
4
Q
What are the three kinds of neurons anatomically?
A
Unipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar
5
Q
Which type of anatomical neuron transmits information the fastest?
A
Unipolar
6
Q
Where are bipolar neurons typically found?
A
Visual systems
7
Q
What type of anatomical neuron has a single extension that branches into two directions to form a receptive pole and an output zone
A
unipolar neurons
8
Q
What type of anatomical neuron has one axon and one dendrite
A
Bipolar neurons
9
Q
What type of anatomical neuron has one axon and many dendrites
A
Multipolar neurons
10
Q
What are the 4 functional zones of neurons?
A
Input
Integration
Conduction
Output
11
Q
In which functional zone does a neuron collect and integrate information from the environment or other cells?
A
Input zone
11
Q
In which functional zone does a neuron decide whether or not it will produce a neural signal?
A
Integration zone
12
Q
In which functional zone does a neuron transmit information over great distances?
A
Conduction zone
13
Q
In which functional zone does a neuron transfer information to other cells?
A
output zone
14
Q
In which functional zone of a neuron are the dendrites located?
A
Input zone
15
Q
In which functional zone of a neuron is the axon hillock located?
A
Integration zone
16
Q
In which functional zone of a neuron is the axon located?
A
Conduction zone
17
Q
In which functional zone of a neuron are the axon terminals located?
A
Output zone
18
Q
What are the two types of brain cells?
A
Neurons and Glia
19
Q
What are the three types of neurons?
A
Sensory neurons
Motoneurons (motor neurons)
Interneurons
20
Q
What are the four types of glia?
A
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells
microglia
21
Q
Which type of neuron receives sensory input?
A
Sensory neurons
22
Q
What is another term for sensory neurons?
A
Afferent neurons
23
Q
Which type of neuron integrates the sensory input once it is received?
A
Interneurons
24
Which types of neuron is responsible for the output of integrated sensory input?
Motor neurons
25
What is another term for motor neurons?
Efferent neurons
26
Where are sensory and motor neurons located?
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
27
Where are interneurons located?
Central nervous system (CNS)
28
Which type of neurons respond to the environment, such as light, odor, and touch?
Sensory neurons
29
What is the most common type of neurons?
Motor neurons
30
Which type of neurons contact muscles or glands
Motor neurons
31
Which type of neurons receive input from other neurons and send it out to other neurons
Interneurons
32
Which type of glial cell is most numerous in the brain?
Astrocytes
33
Which type of glial cell fills spaces between neurons for support?
Astrocytes
34
Which type of glial cell provides the blood-brain barrier
Astrocytes
35
Which type of glial cell regulates composition of the extracellular space
Astrocytes
36
Which type of glial cell latches onto neurons?
Astrocytes
37
Which type of glial cell filters the outside world for neurons?
Astrocytes
38
Which type of glial cell is vital for keeping the neuron alive?
Astrocytes
39
Are Oligodendrocytes more or less vital than Astrocytes?
Less
40
Which type of glial cell wraps axons with myelin sheaths inside the brain and spinal cord?
Oligodendrocytes
41
Which type of glial cell makes myelin?
Oligodendrocytes
42
Which type of glial cell forms nodes of Ranvier
Oligodendrocytes
43
What are nodes of Ranvier?
Segments of myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed
44
What provides insulation for the axon?
Myelin
45
Which type of glial cell moves around and cleans up debris from dying neurons and glia?
Microglia
46
Which type of glial cell contains chemicals that can cause unintended injury?
Microglia
47
Which type of glial cell lines the ventricles?
Ependymal cells
48
Which type of glial cell secretes and absorbs cerebral spinal fluid?
Ependymal
49
What is CSF?
Cerebral spinal fluid
50
What characteristic of dendritic spines allows them to change their number and structure rapidly?
Neural plasticity
51
True or False?
Learning automatically changes neuron shape
True
52
True or False?
Neurons can lose dendric spines depending on activity level
True
53
True or False?
Dendrites cannot grow or shrink branches
False
54
How is the signal in a neuron transferred across the synapses?
It is transformed from an electrical signal,
to a chemical signal (release of neurotransmitters at axon terminal triggered),
to a molecular signal (neurotransmitters bind to postsynaptic neurons membrane),
then back to an electrical signal
55
What do mitochondria do for neurons?
Provide power
56
What structure does information flow into after crossing the synapses?
Dendritic spines
57
What is the central nervous system comprised of?
Brain and spinal cord
58
What is the peripheral nervous system comprised of?
Cranial and spinal nerves
59
Which autonomic nervous system prepares the body for action in instances of danger?
Sympathetic nervous system
60
Does the sympathetic nervous system turn each mechanism on one at a time or all at once?
All at once
61
Does the Parasympathetic or Sympathetic nervous system cost more energy?
Sympathetic
62
How is stress relate to the sympathetic nervous system
It occurs when the system is activated too much
63
Which autonomic nervous system allows the body to rest and digest after danger has passed?
Parasympathetic nervous system
64
Does the parasympathetic nervous system turn things off one at a time or all at once?
One at a time
65
Afferent definition
Carries impulses into the region of interest (sensory)
66
Efferent definition
Carries impulses away from a region of interest (motor)
67
Which view separates the brain from front to back?
Coronal
68
True or False?
The coronal view of the brain shouldn't be symmetrical
False
69
Which view slices the brain down the middle, between the eyes?
Sagittal
70
Which view separates the brain from top to bottom?
Horizontal
71
True or False?
The white and gray matter in the brain are made up of the same types of cells, just different parts
True
72
Which type of matter in the brain is composed of myelin sheaths?
White matter
73
Which functional zone of the neuron is located within the white matter of the brain?
Conduction zone
74
Which type of matter in the brain is composed of clusters of neuron cell bodies?
Gray matter
75
Which type of matter in the brain is affected by multiple scerlosis?
White matter
76
Which type of matter in the brain is affected by Alzheimer's?
Gray matter
77
True or False?
Different diseases affect different types of matter?
True
78
Did the brain evolve from spinal cord to cortex or cortex to spinal cord?
Spinal cord to cortex
79
True or False?
The brain evolved one layer at a time, working outwards?
True
80
True or False?
Each layer of the brain has an independent function system, due to the system it evolved in?
True
81
Which region of the brain is considered the "base" of the brain
Basal Ganglia
82
Which region of the brain is responsible for movement control
Basal Ganglia
83
What was the first region of the brain to evolve?
Basal Ganglia
84
Which part of the brain allowed for voluntary movement when it evolved?
Basal Ganglia
85
Which region of the brain evolved after the Basal Ganglia and is wrapped around it?
Limbic system
86
Which region of the brain is responsible for emotional memory and regulation
Limbic system
87
Which region of the brain is responsible for motor coordination and learning?
Cerebellum
88
What is the Latin term for cerebellum
Little brain
89
What region of the brain is considered a small version of the brain?
Cerebellum
90
Which region of the brain is responsible for waking you up from sleep ad preventing coma?
Midbrain
91
What region is the midbrain a part of?
Reticular formation
92
What region of the brain is responsible for sleep and arousal, as well as body temperature
Reticular formation
93
What is the term for the structures that wrap the brain?
Meninges
94
What is the outermost layer of the Meninges?
Dura matter
95
What is the role of the dura matter?
Protects the brain
96
What is the region of the Meninges below the dura matter?
Subdural space
97
Which region of the meninges has the potential to fill with blood?
Subdural space
98
Which region of the meninges is below the Subdural space?
Arachnoid membrane
99
What is the analogy for the arachnoid membrane?
Spider legs
100
What does dura mean in Latin?
Hard
101
What region of the meninges is below the arachnoid membrane?
subarachnoid space
102
Which region of the meninges is below the subarachnoid space?
Pia matter
103
What is the analogy for Pia matter?
Piano = soft
104
Which region of the meninges touches the brain and is 1-2 cells thick?
Pia matter
105
Which region of the meninges provides a moist enclosure for the brain?
Pia matter
106
True or false?
It is abnormal for the brain to pulse.
False
107
What causes the brain to pulse?
The heart beats, forcing blood to the head which makes the brain swell, then the blood drains through the venous system and collapses
108
`What are the water filled spaces inside the brain called?
Ventricles
109
True or False?
The ventricles work to prevent Alzheimer's
True
110
What do the ventricles make?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
111
What substance comes from the ventricles and works to surround and cushion the brain?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
112
True or False?
CSF is produced inside the brain, circulates, then exits the brain.
True
113
What is it called when the draining of CSF from the brain gets backed up?
Hydrocephalus
114
What does the Choroid Plexus produce?
CSF
115
What layer of the meninges does CSF leave the brain through?
Subarachnoid
116
Which region of the meninges is filled with CSF?
Subarachnoid
117
True or False?
The speed of CSF flow varies greatly depending on what an individual is doing.
False. It remains almost constant
118
What is used to treat Hydrocephalus?
A shunt
119
How does a shunt work to treat Hydrocephalus?
Put a straw in the brain that allows for the fluid to squirt out. Liquid is directed to go under the skin and drip into the body
120
How many layers does the Cerebral cortex have?
6
121
True or False?
All parts of the Cerebral cortex have 6 layers.
False, some older areas only have 4
122
What does CT stand for?
Computerized axial tomography
123
What brain imaging technique uses xray absorption to show tissue density?
CT
124
In a CT, how does the density of tissue translate to the immage?
Denser tissue=whiter image
125
Is asymmetry in a CT normal or abnormal?
Abnormal
126
Which brain imaging technique involves a computer taking a flurry of x-ray images circling around the head then combining them into one single image?
CT
127
What does MRI stand for?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
128
How many steps are there in an MRI?
3
129
How is the image in an MRI formed?
Strong magnets are used to cause protons in the brain to emit radio waves
Some parts of the brain throw energy back better than others.
130
What does PET stand for?
Positron Emission Tomography
131
Which brain imaging technique involves the injection of radioactive chemicals to map their destination by their emissions?
PET
132
Why can PET scans be controversial?
Some individuals do not want to be injected by radioactive chemicals
133
Are PET scans widely useful in the clinical context?
No
134
What is the only thing PET scans can be used for in the clinical context?
Look for cancer cells
135
What brain imaging technique is used to identify which brain region contributes to specific functions?
PET
136
True or false?
PET scans have good spatial resolution
False
137
What is observed in PET scans of patients with Alzheimer's disease?
Less activity in the temporal lobes
138
Can PET scans be used to diagnose Alzheime's?
No
139
What does fMRI stand for?
Functional MRI
140
What do functional MRIs image?
brain activity
141
Which imaging technique detects changes in brain metabolism, like oxygen use, in active brain areas?
fMRI
142
Which brain imaging technique shows how networks of brain structures collaborate?
fMRI
143
What is the approximate resolution of fMRIs?
4mm
144
Which brain imaging technique images the axons of neurons, showing brain connections?
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
145
What do blue regions represent in Diffusion Tensor Imaging?
Ascending or descending axons
146
What do red regions represent in Diffusion Tensor Imaging?
Axons from projecting from side to side
147
What do green regions represent in Diffusion Tensor Imaging?
Axons projecting front to back
148
What is the Soma?
Cell body
149
Where in a neuron is DNA in chromosomes, mRNA transcribed from DNA, and gene expression
Nucleus
150
True or False?
DNA is activated to make new dendrite spines
True
151
What are the arrays of membranes with ribosomes in the cell body?
Rough endoplasmic rheticulum
152
Where is the site of protein synthesis for membrane-associated proteins in the cell body?
Rough endoplasmic rheticulum
153
What structure in the cell body regulates cytoplasm?
Smooth endoplasmic rheticulum
154
What structure in the cell body consists of stacks of flat membrane compartments and packages products for shipments in the cell
Golgi Apparatus
155
What is the lipid bilayer that surrounds the cell and separates cytoplasm from extracellular fluid?
Neuron membrane
156
What are the receptors and ion channels that give neurons the necessary properties for signaling?
Intrinsic membrane proteins
157
True or false?
Membrane proteins are usually closed but can be opened by drugs such as coke, alcohol, and antianxiety meds
True
158
What is the role of the cytoskeleton?
Holds the cell together
159
What is the term for the "railroad track" that transmits neurotransmitters from the cell body to the axon terminals?
Microtubule
160
How thick are microtubules?
20nm
161
What are microtubules made of?
Spirals of tubulin
162
What are the 10nm twisted cables that function as static support structures?
Neurofilaments
163
How do microtubules make material from the soma to terminals?
Anterograde transport using kinesin as the enabling protein
164
How is material moved from the terminals to the soma?
Retrograde transport via dynein as the enabling protein
165
True or False?
The kinesin cannot move across the cell if the microtubule breaks
True
166
True or False?
Larger neurons have more complex inputs and outputs
True
167
True or False?
Larger neurons can spread from the brain to spinal cord.
True
168
True or false?
Neuron size does not dictate the speed in which information is conveyed.
False
Large neurons convey information more rapidly
