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NSC 3361 Exam 1 > Lecture: Drugs > Flashcards

Lecture: Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is another term for antipsychotics?

A

Neuroleptics

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2
Q

How are drugs grouped into classes?

A

By how they treat people

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3
Q

What are antipsychotic drugs used to treat?

A

Schizophrenia and aggressive behavior

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4
Q

How do typical neuroleptics work?

A

dopamine (D2) antagonists

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5
Q

Why might antipsychotics be given to children?

A

Treat aggressive behavior

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6
Q

What were the first attempt at antidepressant drugs

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

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7
Q

What does MAOIs stand for?

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

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8
Q

How to MAOIs work?

A

Prevent breakdown of monoamines at the synapse

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9
Q

What is the major action of antidepressants?

A

Accumulation of monoamines

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10
Q

What were the downsides of MAOIs?

A

Not selective enough
Increases adrenalin and blood pressure > fatal

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11
Q

__% of people are diagnosed with depression at some time in their lives

A

19

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12
Q

What are the two modern classes of antidepressants?

A

Tricyclics
SSRIs

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13
Q

Examples of SSRIs

A

Prozac
Zoloft

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14
Q

What is the older modern class of antidepressants?

A

Tricyclics

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15
Q

How do tricyclics work?

A

Block reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into presynaptic axon terminals

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16
Q

How do SSRIs work?

A

Cause serotonin to accumulate in synapses

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17
Q

SSRIs have _____ side effects than tricyclics

A

Fewer

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18
Q

What is the most common class of antidepressants?

A

SSRIs

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19
Q

Do SNRIs (Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) exist as well?

A

Yes

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20
Q

What does SSRIs stand for?

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

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21
Q

Synonyms for anxiolytics

A

Anti-anxiety drugs
Tranquilizers

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22
Q

What is the main molecule for the treatment of anxiety?

A

GABA

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23
Q

What was the first attempt to treat anxiety?

A

Barbiturates

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24
Q

What was the problem with barbiturates?

A

Addictive and fatal withdrawal

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25
What do Benzodiazepines treat?
Anxiety
26
How do Benzodiazepines work?
Agonists on GABAa receptors, causing influx of Cl-
27
What does Allopregnanolone treat?
Anxiety
28
Allopregnanolone is a type of:
Endogenous benzodiazepine
29
What is a synonym for endogenous bezodiazepines?
Endozepine
30
What does Diazepam-binding inhibitor treat?
Anxiety
31
What is unique about Diazepam-binding inhibitors
Astrocytes release them
32
What is Diazepam the same as?
Valium
33
Barbiturates are _____
Depressing
34
What are the two methods barbiturates use to facilitate their functions?
Block sodium channels Increase flow of chloride ions
35
What is the current main medical use for barbiturates?
Anesthesia Epilsepsy
36
In low doses, alcohol is a _____
Stimulant
37
How does alcohol stimulate in low doses?
Turns off cortical inhibition Reduces social constraints/anxiety
38
In high doses, alcohol is a _____
sedative
39
Alcohol has a ___-_____ response curve
Non-linear
40
What does alcohol do to brain metabolism?
Turns it down
41
Alcohol's effects are _____
biphasic
42
Alcohol affects _____ neurotransmitters at _____ times
Different Different
43
What are the psychoactive compounds in alcohol?
Ethanol Acetaldehyde acetate
44
What neurotransmitter is the most sensitive to alcohol?
Dopamine
45
Alcohol inhibits _____ at low doses
Glutamate
46
Alcohol acts at the _____ receptor to _____ the binding of _____
GABAa Increase GABA
47
What pleasurable neurotransmitters are stimulated by alcohol?
dopamine opiate serotonin cannabinoid
48
Seizures during alcohol withdrawal are due in part to _____ _____ in glutamate receptors over time
Compensatory increase
49
What is the distribution between NMDA receptors and GABA receptors in someone who has not drank alcohol?
They are balanced
50
What happens the the distribution between NMDA and GABA receptors during acute ethanol use
GABA receptors increase
51
What happens to the distribution between NMDA and GABA receptors during chronic ethanol use
NMDA receptors increase the balance them out
52
What happens to the distribution between NMDA and GABA receptors during ethanol withdrawal?
way too much glutamate but not enough GABA, leads to seizures
53
Drinking (grows/shrinks) your brain
shrinks
54
What brain areas does alcohol damage?
Cerebellum Frontal lobe
55
Can neurons and glia recover from alcohol damage?
Yes
56
Opiates are _____ pain drugs
fabulous
57
Best pain drug ever invented
Morphine
58
Why do people take opiates?
They make them feel good
59
What is the cause of death when one overdoses on opiates?
Respiratory suppression
60
How do opiates depress breathing?
Changing neurochemical activity in the brain system
61
How do opiates increase feelings of pleasure?
changing the limbic system
62
How do opiates reduce pain?
Block pain messages transmitted through the spinal cord from the body
63
Opium contains _____
Morphine
64
Morphine is a potent _____
analgesic
65
What is an analgesic?
Pain drug
66
Opium binds to _____ receptors in the _____
Opioid Brainstem
67
What specific areas does Opium/morphine bind to?
Locus coeruleus Periaqueductal gray
68
What plant is opium/morphine made from?
poppy seeds
69
Why do poppy seeds have opium?
evolved to make it kill animals that eat too much
70
What is heroin named for?
heroic
71
Who produced heroin?
Bayer
72
Why was heroin produced
To be an aspirin and Codeine replacement
73
What was the problem with replacing Codeine with Heorin?
It was more addictive
74
What was heroin marketed as?
Cure for codeine addiction
75
What does heroin metabolize into?
morphine
76
When was heroin produced?
1898
77
What is the active ligand in marijuana
THC
78
What does THC stand for?
Tetrahydrocannabinoid
79
The brain has cannabinoid receptors that bind _____ and _____
anadamide 2-AG
80
What are anandamide and 2-AG examples of?
Endocannabinoids
81
What are endocannabinoids?
Cannabinoids made in the body
82
Endocannabinoids use _____ signaling
retrograde
83
Why was cannabis used to treat cancer in ancient Indian medical practices
It increases apetite
84
Endocannabinoids are synthesized __-_____
on-demand
85
Where are lipophilic molecules?
on the membrane
86
Why are lipophilic molecules part of the membrane?
They cannot be stored in vesicles
87
What state of matter are endocannabinoids?
gas
88
What does marijuana turn on?
Apetite Nausea/vomiting
89
What does long-term cannabis use do to memory?
causes memory loss
90
What does cannabis do to short-term memory?
impairs it
91
What is the result of cannabis impairing short-term memory
Hard to learn complex tasks
92
What does cannabis do to reaction times?
It slows them
93
What is the result of cannabis slowing reaction time?
It impairs driving skills
94
What does cannabis do to judgement and decision making
It alters it
95
How does cannabis alter mood in low doses?
Calms
96
How does cannabis alter mood in high doses
Anxiety Paranoia
97
Why are anxiety and paranoia from cannabis becoming more common?
Gummies can be made more potent
98
What is the primary addictive drug in tobacco
Nicotine
99
In the periphery, nicotine ....
Activates muscles and causes twitching
100
Centrally, nicotine ...
Increases alertness
101
Nicotine activates nicotinic ___ receptors in the _____ _____ _____
ACh Ventral tegmental area
102
Is smoking risk of tobacco due to nicotine?
No, other compounds
103
Primary cause of preventable death in the world
Smoking
104
How many people does smoking kill in the world per year?
4 million
105
How many people a year does nicotine kill in the US?
493,000
106
Nicotine withdrawal causes a __% increase in workplace accidents on Britain's 'No Smoking Day'
7%
107
__% of attempts to quite smoking are successful
5
108
Quitting nicotine has the same success rate as quitting _____
Heroin
109
US smoking rate is (increasing/decreasing)
Decreasing

NSC 3361 Exam 1 (9 decks)

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