Lecture Exam 1

Question 1

Levels of biological Order Starting with the largest and giving an example for each

Answer 1

1. Organism - Human
2. Organ System - Digestive system
3. Organ - Small Intestines
4. Tissue - connective tissue
5. Cell - red blood cell
6. Organelle - Golgi Apparatus
7. Macromolecule - DNA
8. Molecule - Water
9. Atom - Carbon

Question 2

Sweat Glands, the lungs, the thyroid gland, blood vessels in the skin and skeletal muscles are all examples of which feedback system component for regulating body temperature?

Answer 2

Effectors

Question 3

All feedback systems usually involve:

Answer 3

Some type of sensor, a control center and one or more effectors

Question 4

What processes occur as part of the cooling response to a rise in body temperature?

Answer 4

Vasodilation of blood vessels in skin, sweating, and increased breathing rate.

Question 5

What processes occur as part of the warming response to a drop in body temperature?

Answer 5

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in skin, piloerection, increased thyroid hormone secretion, shivering.

Question 6

Involves unequal sharing of an electron pair between two atoms

Answer 6

Polar covalent bond

Question 7

Involves equal sharing of an electron pair between two atoms.

Answer 7

Non-polar covalent bond

Question 8

A non-covalent bond that involves an attraction between two opposite partial charges, one of which is typically on an O or N atom.

Answer 8

Hydrogen Bond

Question 9

A non-covalent bond that uses electrostatic interactions to form salt crystals

Answer 9

Ionic Bond

Question 10

A weak non-covalent bond between any two closely spaced neutral atoms.

Answer 10

Van der Waals interaction

Question 11

Polar covalent bonds that could participate in hydrogen bonding.

Answer 11

N-H and O-H

Question 12

Molecules that can form bonds or attractive forces with water to become water-soluble are :

Answer 12

Hydrophilic molecules

Question 13

How do pH and buffers work together?

Answer 13

Buffers resist pH changes by binding extra H+ ions when an acid is added to them and releasing H+ ions when a base is added to them.

Question 14

A monosaccharide that is the main blood sugar

Answer 14

Glucose

Question 15

A monosaccharide found in fruits.

Answer 15

Fructose

Question 16

A disaccharide found in table sugar

Answer 16

Sucrose

Question 17

A disaccharide found in milk

Answer 17

lactose

Question 18

A polysaccharide that stores energy in animals

Answer 18

glycogen

Question 19

A polysaccharide that stores energy in plants

Answer 19

starch

Question 20

a polysaccharide that provides structural support in plants

Answer 20

cellulose

Question 21

A monosaccharide found in DNA

Answer 21

deoxyribose

Question 22

consists of a chain of carbon atoms bonded to a carboxyl group

Answer 22

fatty acid

Question 23

a triglyceride commonly found in animal fats and dairy products

Answer 23

saturated fat

Question 24

a triglyceride mostly found in plant and fish oils and various nuts

Answer 24

unsaturated fat

Question 25

forms a bilayer in the plasma membrane of all cells

Answer 25

phospholipid

Question 26

contains cholesterol within its structure and includes estrogen, cortisol, and testosterone as common examples

Answer 26

steroid

Question 27

(level of protein structure) links amino acids covalently into a linear chain.

Answer 27

Primary

Question 28

(level of protein structure) includes alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets, which are stabilized by hydrogen bonds.

Answer 28

Secondary

Question 29

(level of protein structure) the three-dimensional shape of a protein, which is stabilized through various non-covalent bonds.

Answer 29

tertiary

Question 30

(level of protein structure) the orientation of subunits in proteins that have multiple amino acid chains.

Answer 30

quaternary

Question 31

Both DNA and RNA have:

Answer 31

nucleotides linked covalently to one another

Question 32

(chemical bond) a covalent bond that links sugar molecules together

Answer 32

glycosidic

Question 33

(chemical bond) a covalent bond that links fatty acids with glycerol

Answer 33

ester

Question 34

(chemical bond) a covalent bond that links nucleotides together

Answer 34

phosphodiester

Question 35

(chemical bond) a covalent bond that forms that primary structure of proteins

Answer 35

peptide

Question 36

(chemical bond) a non-covalent bond that stabilizes the secondary structures of proteins

Answer 36

hydrogen

Question 37

is a nucleotide as well as the main energy currency of living cells

Answer 37

ATP

Question 38

What molecules undergo simple diffusion across a membrane?

Answer 38

Gases, Hydrophilic molecules, lipid-soluble, and nonpolar molecules.

Question 39

Placing a red blood cell in what solution would cause it to swell and burst?

Answer 39

distilled water

Question 40

what causes blood cells to undergo hemolysis when placed in a hypotonic solution & to undergo crenation when placed in a hypertonic solution?

Answer 40

Osmosis

Question 41

internalizes small fluid droplets from outside the cell

Answer 41

pinocytosis (cell drinking)

Question 42

internalizes cell waste, debris, pathogens or food particles

Answer 42

phagocytosis (cell eating)

Question 43

internalizes hormones & other ligands within coated pits

Answer 43

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 44

secretes hormones, neurotransmitters & other substances from the cell

Answer 44

exocytosis

Question 45

perform muscle contraction, assist cell migration & division, support microvilli & contain actin

Answer 45

microfillaments

Question 46

resist stretching & stress forces, form the nuclear lamina, attach cells to each other & contain keratin

Answer 46

intermediate filaments

Question 47

provide tracks for motor proteins, form spindle fibers, support cilia & flagella & contain tubulin

Answer 47

microtubules

Question 48

a contact point that adheres cells & minimizes permeability between them, especially in epithelial tissues

Answer 48

tight junction

Question 49

a contact point between cells that allows communication & exchange of molecules

Answer 49

Gap Junction

Question 50

a contact point between cells that serves as a rivet to reduce mechanical stress in tissues

Answer 50

desmosome

Question 51

covered with ribosomes & is a main site for protein synthesis

Answer 51

rough endoplasmic reticulum ( rough ER )

Question 52

synthesizes lipids, detoxifies poisons & stores calcium

Answer 52

smooth endoplasmic reticulum ( smooth ER )

Question 53

modifies, stores, packages & sorts proteins & lipids to their correct destination

Answer 53

Golgi Complex

Question 54

contains hydrolytic enzymes for phagocytosis & autophagy

Answer 54

Lysosome

Question 55

detoxifies substances & breaks down fatty acids, especially in the liver

Answer 55

peroxisome

Question 56

the primary site of ATP synthesis in most cells under most conditions

Answer 56

Mitochondrion

Question 57

the main storage site of chromatin & the location where ribosomes are assembled

Answer 57

Nucleus

Question 58

The correct sequence for the transfer of information during gene expression is:

Answer 58

DNA base triplet sequence determines the mRNA codon sequence which determines the protein amino acid sequence

Question 59

general features of living things

Answer 59

1. contain 1 or more cells 2. grow, develop, and reproduce 3. adapt and evolve as a population 4. consume energy and undergo metabolism 5. respond to stimuli 6. achieve homeostasis 7. maintain order

Question 60

Major element examples

Answer 60

1. oxygen (O) 2. Carbon (C) 3. hydrogen (H)

Question 61

Lesser element examples

Answer 61

1. Sulfur (S) 2. Potassium (K) 3. Sodium (Na)

Question 62

Trace element examples

Answer 62

1. Chromium (Cr) 2. Colbalt (Co) 3. Copper (Cu)