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Botany > Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

CH 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5 [1-6 done thus far] (172 cards)

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1
Q

what is plant biology?

A

the scientific study of plants

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2
Q

what flower is used to make medicine/illegal drugs, for pain relief

A

opium poppy

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3
Q

What are patent medications?

A

medications from the early 1900s in the US that didn’t have to be FDA approved

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4
Q

what north american plant can be used to produce powerful natural pesticide?

A

tobacco/nicotine

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5
Q

what was Madagascar periwinkle used for?

A

70 useful alkaloids isolated to treat leukemia/Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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6
Q

What is a pitcher plant?

A

a carnivorous plant that adapted to nutrient poor areas by trapping insects for nutrients (nitrogen)

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7
Q

How many humans on the planet?

A

~7.95 bil

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8
Q

what impact do humans have on the environment?

A

feeding, clothing and housing ourselves negatively impacts the environment
we drained wetlands, polluted water and the atmosphere and used pesticides

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9
Q

what must we do to lessen our impact on the environment?

A

conserve natural resources

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10
Q

Why are humans dependent on plants?

A

they provide O2
provide lumbar
provide food source

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11
Q

What is americas favorite psychoactive and how is it made?

A

coffee, fruits are fermented and seeds roasted

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12
Q

What do we use cotton for?

A

clothing bedding etc
cotton seed oil cakes for cattle feed

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13
Q

What fungi do humans use for survival?

A

penicillium

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14
Q

what is mycology?

A

the study of fungi

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15
Q

what is plant anatomy?

A

the study of the internal structures of the plant

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16
Q

what is dendrochronology?

A

the science of using tree rings to date when events happened

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17
Q

what subcategories fall under plant anatomy?

A

dendrochronology
forensics
geography

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18
Q

what is plant morphology?

A

the study of the form, structure, and life cycles of plants

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19
Q

what are herbaceous plants?

A

plants without woody tissue

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20
Q

what is plant physiology?

A

the study of plant function (at the cellular and biochemical level)

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21
Q

What do plant physiologists study?

A

cellular respiration
photosynthesis

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22
Q

who is von helmot and what did he do

A

scientist who experimented with willows in soils
concluded plants gained mass from water

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23
Q

what is plant ecology?

A

the study of the interaction of plants with the environment (both living organisms and nonliving environment)

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24
Q

what is plant geography?

A

study of how the type of plant communities in an area are influenced by climate
e.g. tropical rainforests are home to more than half the worlds organisms

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25
what is plant taxonomy?
organizing plants into taxa based on rules
26
what are plant systematics?
a discipline within taxonomy in which organisms are grouped by their degree of relatedness
27
what is ethnobotany?
the study of the cultural uses of plants
28
what is economic botany?
using plants for economic development
29
what else is botany used for?
genetics and cell biology
30
What are the properties of living organisms?
composed of cells growth reproduction response to stimuli metabolism movement
31
what is asexual reproduction?
produce genetically identical offspring from single parent (eg bulbs)
32
what is sexual reproduction?
the joining of haploid gametes to form a new individual (diploid zygote), there is genetic variation among offspring
33
what is metabolism?
the total of all chemical reactions that take place in an organism (energy associated)
34
what is matter?
occupies space and has mass
35
what are the 3 forms of matter?
solid, liquid, gas
36
What do each of the follow atoms make up? carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur
C: sugars N: amino acids, proteins, nucleus O/H: organic molecules (CHO) P: ATP, phospholipid bilayer, nucleic acid S: proteins
37
what is an element?
a pure chemical substance made up of one type of atom (92 naturally occurring elements)
38
What is the most common isotope?
13C
39
what are isotopes?
forms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons (atomic mass)
40
what is a molecule?
two atoms bonded together
41
what is a compound molecule?
atoms of different elements bonded
42
what is cohesion?
the attraction of water molecules to other water molecules
43
what is adhesion?
the attraction of water molecules to charged surfaces
44
what do hydrogen bonds do?
change the shape of DNA and proteins
45
how are ionic bonds formed?
formed by loss/gain of an electron
46
how are covalent bonds formed?
atoms share electrons to form bond
47
what is energy?
the capacity to do work made up of kinetic and potential energy
48
what is the first law of thermodynamics?
energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can convert between forms
49
what is the second law of thermodynamics?
in any energy conversion some energy is lost to a less useful form (typically heat)
50
What are carbohydrates?
monomers made of CHO that make up monosaccharides
51
give examples of monosaccharides
glucose fructose
52
give examples of disaccharides
sucrose
53
give examples of polysaccharides
cellulose starch
54
what are disaccharides made of?
2 monosaccharides
55
what are polysaccharides made of?
many monosaccharides
56
what are fats?
solid lipids
57
what are oils?
liquid lipids
58
what are lipids made of?
glycerol and fatty acids
59
what are proteins made of?
the monomer of protein is an amino acid
60
what is an amino acid?
carboxyl and amine groups around a central carbon
61
how many amino acids are there?
20
62
what is the order for peptides?
peptide->dipeptide->polypeptide
63
what is protein primary tructure?
string of amino acids
64
what is protein secondary structure?
3-d structure alpha helices and beta pleated sheets
65
what is protein tertiary structure?
complex 3D shape formed by covalent bonding
66
what is protein quaternary structure?
multiple polypeptide subunits
67
what are the functions of proteins?
as enzymes (biological catalysts that lower activation energy) storage structure
68
what is the monomer of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
69
what do all nucleic acids have?
5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
70
what are the nucleotides in DNA?
cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine
71
what are the nucleotides in RNA?
cytosine, guanine, adenine, uracil
72
who created cell theory?
Schleiden (botanist) and Schwann (zoologist): all living things composed of cells virchow: all cells come from preexisting cells
73
what did von Leuwenhoek do?
first to see cells in a simple microscope
74
what did hooke do?
first to use the term cells for structures he saw in cork
75
features of a eukaryotic cell
nucleus membrane bound organelles plant cell wall of cellulose plasma membrane
76
features of prokaryotic cells
lack membrane bound organelles lack membrane bound nucleus cell wall not made of cellulose plasma membrane, DNA (nucleoid), ribosomes
77
what is the protoplasm?
all living components of a cell
78
what is the cytoplasm?
all cellular components between plasma membrane and nucleus
79
what are organelles?
persistent structures of various shapes and sizes with special functions
80
all eukaryotic cells have: plant cells have:
nucleus with DNA, mitochondria, ER, golgi, ribosomes chloroplasts, central vacuole
81
cell walls provide:
strength flexibility protection of cell contents
82
What are microfibrils made of?
many molecules of cellulose
83
what is the structure of the cell wall?
primary: cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, glycoproteins secondary: derived from primary, addition of lignin
84
what is the middle lamella?
the space between two adjacent cells, made of pectin
85
what is the plasmodesmata?
strands of cytoplasm that extend between cells through a small opening in the cell wall, allowing for exchange of materials (sugars, amino acids, ions, etc)
86
how is the plasma membrane described?
via the fluid mosaic model, described as texture of olive oil
87
the nucleus contains:
a double membrane, nuclear pores, chromatin, nucleolus
88
what is chromatin?
DNA wrapped around histone proteins
89
what is the nucleolus?
where RNA is made, ribosomal subunits made
90
what are the types of prokaryotic cells?
bacteria archaea
91
what are the types of eukaryotic cells (main and 4 kingdoms)
eukarya protista animalia fungi planate
92
what makes up the endomembrane system?
ER (rough and smooth), dictyosomes (golgi apparatus)
93
why is the rough ER "rough"?
surface embedded with ribosomes that produce proteins via translation of mRNA
94
what does the smooth ER do?
produce lipids (no ribosomes)
95
what are the 3 types of plastids?
chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts
96
what are chloroplasts?
site of photosynthesis
97
why are chloroplasts green?
they contain chlorophyll in membranous stacks called thylakoid membranes
98
what are chromoplasts?
organelles that give color to parts of some plants, only useful for pigments
99
what are leucoplasts?
organelles that store starch or oils amyloplasts store starch elaioplasts store oils
100
what is the structure of mitochondria?
double phospholipid bilayer with cristae and a matrix
101
what are cristae?
the folded membrane of the mitochondria
102
what is the mitochondrial matrix?
the fluid the surrounds the cristae
103
what are mitochondria for?
the site of aerobic respiration (ATP synthesis)
104
how did mitochondria evolve?
endosymbiotic theory larger bacterium "swallowed" smaller bacterium (which became the mitochondria) evidenced by separate DNA and ribosomes
105
what is a vacuole?
a large centrally located structure within plant cells filled with cell sap (water fluid)
106
what is the membrane of a vacuole?
tonoplast
107
what is the purpose of the cytoskeleton?
movement within a cell
108
what do microtubules do?
control the addition of cellulose to the cell wall, and play a role in cell division/movement of organelles and vesicles, movement of flagella, etc
109
what do microfilaments do?
contraction and animal cells and cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells
110
REVIEW CELL CYCLE
111
what are tissues?
groups of cells performing similar functions
112
what are the 3 groups of plant organs?
roots stems leaves flowers (sometimes)
113
what is an organ?
a structure made up of several tissue that work together to perform a given function
114
what are meristems?
the part of plants where cells actively divide
115
what are apical meristems?
site of active mitosis on tips of roots/stems that gives rise to primary growth (length)
116
what are the 3 primary meristems from apical?
protoderm, ground meristem, procambium
117
what is the protoderm?
the outer layer of stem/root, gives rise to epidermis
118
what is the ground meristem?
centrally located meristem that forms parenchyma
119
what is procambium?
meristem that gives rise to connective tissue (xylem/phloem)
120
what are the 2 lateral meristems?
vascular cambium and cork cambium
121
what is vascular cambium?
tissue that gives rise to xylem and phloem (mostly xylem)
122
what is cork cambium?
tissue that gives rise to the cork/bark (replaces epidermis)
123
what is special about grass?
has intercalary meristem along with apical meristem
124
why does grass have an intercalary meristem?
evolved from grazing animals taking the tops off of grass, now grass can survive this
125
what are the simple tissues?
parenchyma, collenchyma, schlerenchyma
126
what is parenchyma?
food and water storage tissue that is alive and can divide long after being produced
127
what are the types of parenchyma?
aerenchyma: extensive connected air spaces chlorenchyma: numerous chloroplasts, function in photosynthesis transfer cells: irregular extensions that increase surface area of cells to transfer dissolved substances
128
what is collenchyma?
a tissue that as thicker walls and an uneven primary wall that provides flexible support for growing and maturing organs , alive
129
what is schlerenchyma?
tissue that has a thick secondary wall with lignin that is dead at maturity most function for support
130
types of schlerenchyma
fibers: found in many tissues in roots, stems, leaves, fruit, used to make textiles sclereids: function in protection
131
what are complex tissues?
tissues composed of 2 or more kinds of cells
132
what is xylem for?
transport of water and ions
133
what is phloem for?
transport of soluble food (sucrose)
134
what is xylem made of?
parenchyma, fibers, vessels, tracheids, ray cells
135
what are vessels?
open at each end, stripes can form but do not block flow of fluid
136
what are tracheids?
no openings at ends, have pits where two tracheids contact each other [CONIFERS HAVE ONLY TRACHEIDS IN THEIR XYLEM]
137
what are simple and bordered pits?
Simple: allow water to pass cell to cell, unregulated movement bordered: regulate flow of materials between cells, regulated movement
138
what is phloem made of?
sieve tube members, companion cells, phloem parenchyma (transfer cells)
139
what do sieve tube members and sieve plates do?
allow for movement of dissolved sugars DEAD AT MATURITY
140
where are companion cells and what do they do?
adjacent to sieve tube members to support their function, LIVING
141
what do phloem parenchyma do?
assist companion cells
142
what is the epidermis?
outermost layer of cells (can be several types)
143
what is a cuticle?
made of cutin (and added wax) influences water loss, and is resistant to bacterial/fungal diseases
144
what are trichomes/what do they do?
structures on the epidermis that can be hairs, branched, or glandular (on leaf surface) play a role in anti-herbivore defense and/or reduce heat load on leaves in sunny environments/ protect from UV
145
what is the periderm?
tissue that replaces the epidermis on woody plants
146
what are lenticels?
openings in periderm/bark that allow for gas exchange
147
what do cork cells do?
formed from cork cambium, they have suberin which makes them waterproof and protects the cells below
148
what are secretory cells?
cells that secrete substances: whether waste products to be eliminated, or useful materials to the plant
149
how do secretory cells function?
either individually or as part of a tissue (often derived from parenchyma)
150
give examples of secretory materials that secretory cells may secrete
hormones, nectar, fragrant compounds
151
what do primary meristems give rise to?
epidermis, pith and cortex, primary xylem and primary phloem
152
what makes the epidermis?
protoderm
153
what makes the pith and cortex?
ground meristem
154
what makes the primary xylem and primary phloem?
procambium
155
what is a trace?
a strand of phloem and xylem branching off into each developing bud and leaf
156
what are leaf and bud gas filled with?
parenchyma cells
157
what gives rise to secondary phloem and secondary xylem?
vascular cambium
158
what order do phloem and xylem form in?
phloem first xylem second
159
how does cork cambium ork?
to the outside it forms cork cells with suberin, to the inside it forms parenchyma-like phelloderm
160
what is stele?
the central part of a root or stem (primary xylem, primary phloem, pith)
161
what is protostele?
a solid core of conducting tissue (primary phloem surrounding primary xylem), occurs in primitive plants like whisk ferns and club mosses
162
what is siphonostele?
tubular with pith in the center, primary xylem surrounds the pith, and primary phloem surrounds primary xylem, occurs in ferns
163
what is eustele?
primary phloem and primary xylem in discrete vascular bundles, conifers and flowering plants
164
what are monocots?
plants that produce seeds with one nutritive structure (cotyledon) to nourish a developing embryo in aseed
165
what are dicots?
plants that produce seeds with two nutritive structures (cotyledons) to nourish a developing embryo in a seed
166
what are herbaceous plants?
tender, green plants that grow during the growing season and above ground parts die in the nongrowing season
167
what are woody plants?
plants with above ground parts with cells rich in lignin, survive above ground all year long
168
what are annual rings?
tracheary elements influenced by environmental conditions in a given season or year
169
what is the purpose of modified stems?
promote plant asexual reproduction
170
what are false rings in a tree?
areas with rainfall that varies greatly by season
171
what are the properties of wood?
density durability knots
172
what are wood products? (obvious but i'll include it anyways)
lumbar pulp container, boxes, kegs etc

Botany (4 decks)

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