Lecture final exam Flashcards
(237 cards)
1
Q
what features of land plants deter drying?
A
cuticle on plant surface
gametangia and sporangia became multicellular and surrounded by sterile jackets of cells
plant zygotes developed into multicellular embryos within parental tissues that originally surrounded the egg
2
Q
Which characters shared by members of Kingdom Plantae and Phylum Chlorophyta indicate that they share an ancient common ancestor?
A
-chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids
-primary food reserve stored as starch
-cell walls primarily cellulose
-same meaning of forming the cell plate during cell division
3
Q
The transition from an aquatic environment to a terrestrial environment required the development of _______________, which kept plants from drying out when exposed to air.
A
cuticle
4
Q
All members of the plant kingdom have _______________.
A
-multicellular embryos
-egg cells surrounded by a jacket of sterile cells
-oogamous sexual reproduction
-life cycle that includes both gametophyte and sporophyte generations
5
Q
Bryophytes have an alternation of generations in which the _____ is the dominant generation, unlike vascular plants where the _____ is the dominant generation.
A
gametophyte; sporophyte
6
Q
Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts all
A
produce spores
7
Q
Archegoniophores and antheridiophores are features of
A
thalloid liverworts
8
Q
The one-celled anchoring structures present on the lower surface of a thalloid liverwort are
A
rhizoids
9
Q
Each diamond-shaped segment of a liverwort thallus contains a single
A
pore
10
Q
The mother cells within the sporangia on the sporophyte plant undergo _________________ to produce spores
A
meiosis
11
Q
The function of the gametangia on the gametophyte plant is to produce gametes by the process of
A
mitosis
12
Q
A moss protonema
A
has the n number of chromosomes in each cell
13
Q
The egg of a moss is produced within a cavity called a
A
venter
14
Q
T/F: Rhizoids take up water through their xylem.
A
False
15
Q
T/F: Zygotes of members of the Plant Kingdom develop into embryos.
A
true
16
Q
Which of the following are the lens-shaped pieces of tissue that are produced in cups on a liverwort thallus and become detached to develop independently?
A
gemmae
17
Q
In the bryophytes the _________________ plant persists; in the seedless vascular plants it is the ____________plant that predominates.
A
gametophyte; sporophyte
18
Q
One of the significant adaptations to prevent drying out in the land environment was the development by vascular plants of (a)
A
cuticle and stomata
19
Q
Enations are small, flattened green veinless protuberances found on the stems of
A
whisk ferns
20
Q
Which of the following probably did NOT occur when a shift from aquatic to terrestrial habitats took place millions of years ago?
A
chlorophyll appeared
21
Q
Sporophylls are
A
leaves that bear sporangia
22
Q
A fundamental distinction between club mosses (Lycopodium) and spike mosses (Selaginella) involves differences in their
A
spores
23
Q
A spike moss microspore has the potential to develop into which of the following?
A
male gametophyte
24
Q
The common name for Lycopodium is “ground pine” . The common name is based on the appearance of the _________ which resembles little conifer trees.
A
sporophyte
25
Living spike mosses and quillworts produce ______________, a reproductive feature referred to as ________.
two types of spores; heterospory
26
Which of the following have stems as their principal site of photosynthesis?
none of the above (not club mosses, spike mosses, whisk ferns, or horsetails)
27
Archegonia and antheridia are structures where _____________ are produced.
gametes
28
Leaves with more than one vein and a leaf trace are generally classified as
megaphylls
29
The semi-transparent tissue that protects immature sporangia in many ferns is called a/an
indusium
30
Bryophytes, ferns and fern allies all require _________________ for sexual reproduction because the sperm cells ______________.
surface water; swim to egg cell
31
The fern gametophyte is typically _____________________.
small and photosynthetic
32
Two of the original four cells in a pine pollen grain enter a pollen tube; one of these two, which after division eventually gives rise to sperms, is the
generative cell
33
Which of the following is an aril
a fleshy cuplike covering surrounding the ovule of a yew
34
Living conifers (genus Pinus) are native to ____________________.
northern hemisphere
35
The phylum Gingophyta is represented by _________ living species.
1
36
Which of the following is common to both cycads and pines?
both megaspores and microspores produced
37
Joint firs (Ephedra), which superficially resemble horsetails,
are somewhat shrubby inhabitants of drier regions
38
Which of the following groups of gymnosperms have vessels in their wood?
gnetophytes (division Gnetophyta)
39
Conifer resins are a source of which of the following?
turpentine
dammar
rosin
amber
40
T/F: The xylem of conifers generally contains no vessels or fibers.
True
41
T/F: Pollen grains of pines are brought through the micropyle onto the nucellus as the fluid from the micropyle evaporates.
True
42
With over 250,000 species known, the phylum ___________ is the largest phylum in the plant kingdom.
magnoliophyta
43
Angiosperms differ from conifers in all of the following EXCEPT
All angiosperms are better adapted for living in areas with long winters than are the conifers
44
Which of the following tissues, cells, or structures in flowering plants is a part of the sporophyte generation and therefore diploid?
cell of an integument
45
Which of the following tissues or structures in flowering plants is a part of the gametophyte generation and therefore haploid?
synergids
46
Which of the following is part of a compound ovary within which seeds develop from ovules?
carpel
47
In this question, assume that the life cycle of a flowering plant begins with the germination of a seed and ends with the development of a fruit. Two events that occur in the life cycle are the formation of a tube nucleus and the formation of sperms. which occurs first?
the first event precedes the second event
48
The structure that matures into the seed is called a (an)
ovule
49
The female gametophyte of an angiosperm consists of _________________.
a large sac with 8 nuclei in 7 cells
50
These flower parts are generally green and leaflike.
sepals
51
A monoecious plant
has separate male and female flowers on the same plant.
52
Which of the following is considered to be a specialization characteristic of advanced (more highly evolved) flowering plants?
bilateral symmetry
53
rends in evolutionary specialization include ______________ in both monocots and dicots.
-reduction in number of parts
-fusion of parts
-inferior ovaries
-bilateral symmetry
54
Which of the following is NOT a structure or event associated with orchids and their pollination?
numerous conspicuous stamens
55
Flowers with well-developed landing platforms and nectar guides would probably be pollinated by
bees
56
Botanists preserve plants for future reference and study as part of the research collection in a/an ______________
herbarium
57
T/F: Bats and other mammals are pollinators of some flowers.
true
58
T/F: Inferior ovaries are considered a characteristic of primitive flowers.
false
59
All the living organisms plus the environmental factors present in a given area constitute
an ecosystem
60
Which of the following estimates or calculations are made with respect to populations?
-number of individuals
-density
-biomass
-geographical range
61
In an energy pyramid of an ecosystem ___________________________
there is much more energy at the bottom than the top
62
The __________ or living component of any environment includes all individuals of each species that interact in that habitat.
biotic
63
Features of plants and animals that allow them to survive and reproduce in their environment are considered ________________. One example of this is CAM photosynthesis in desert plants.
adaptations
64
The foremost ecosystem decomposers are
bacteria and fungi
65
Which series illustrates the correct hierarchy in relationship to each other in the series?
biosphere, ecosystem, community, population
66
The reproductive strategy of any plant species is regarded as ____________________.
its life history strategy
67
Nitrogen fixation refers to ______________________.
conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas to ammonia or nitrates by bacteria
68
Which of the following is an example of secondary succession?
reforestation after a fire
69
Terrestrial biotic communities as they occur on a continental or global scale are referred to as __________.
biomes
70
Permafrost, shallow root systems, subzero temperatures and long winters are characteristic of the:
tundra
71
Another name for the northern coniferous or boreal forest is the ___________.
taiga
72
In the continental United States, high mountain peaks support ___________.
alpine tundra and coniferous forest vegetation
73
A low-growing, understory vegetation dominates in the early spring and again in the fall because of the available light resulting from leaf drop. This is a characteristic of the:
temperate deciduous forest
74
Naturally occurring grasslands are usually found toward the interiors of continental masses. They tend to intergrade with ____________ in areas where annual precipitation drops below 25 cm (10 inches) annually.
deserts
75
Many of the grasslands of the world have been converted to ______________.
cropland and cattle grazing land
76
The giant saguaro cactus is found in which North American biome?
desert
77
A characteristic vegetational type found in the desert biome is:
succulents
78
______________ forests are found along the Pacific Coast and along the Rocky Mountain and California mountain ranges.
coastal and mountain
79
The biome with the greatest diversity of flora and fauna is the
tropical rain forest
80
what 3 phylums are associated with bryophytes?
hepaticophyta (liverworts)
anthocerophyta (hornworts)
Bryophyta (mosses)
81
how many species of bryophytes are there?
23,000 species
82
what are the characteristics of bryophytes?
lack vascular tissue
need water to reproduce
often found in moist/shadded areas (some tolerate dry conditions)
from sea level to 5500m in mountains
some in very specific environments/habitats
83
what habitats are some bryophytes restricted to
antlers of dead reindeer, poop, wings of insects in tropics
84
what is a protonema?
green, immature gametophyte consisting of short filaments of cells originating from spores
85
describe the 4 bryophyte characteristics?
lack vascular tissue
need water to reproduce (dew, rain)
most water absorbed through surface
alternation of generation is conspicuous
86
what is the doctrine of signatures?
if a plant/plant part resembles a human organ, it should be used to treat ailments of that organ
87
how many species of liverworts are there?
8000 species
88
what are thalloid liverworts?
have a thallus (flattened, lobed, somewhat leaf-life body)
~20% of species
89
what reproductive features do thallus liverworts have?
males have antheridiophores
females have primitive archegoniophores
90
what do non-thallus liverworts look like?
superficially resemble mosses
91
what is a thallus?
multicellular plant body that is flattened and not differentiated into leaves, roots, stems
92
describe the lifecycle of the thalloid liverwort merchantia
gemmae: small piece of tissue
gemmae cup: cuplike structure
93
what are elaters in merchantia?
hold spores in space so they don't all fall out at one time
94
how many anthocerophyta (hornwort) species are there?
~100 species
95
describe the characteristics of hornworts
distant relatives of liverworts and mosses
cells have pyrenoids similar to green algae
have stomata with guard cells and rhizoids
96
how many species are in phylum Bryophyta
~15,000
97
describe the characteristics of Bryophyta
no leaves and no vascular tissue
rhizoids to anchor plant
most water rises up outside of plant by capillarity, water absorbed through plant surfaces
98
what is special about peat mosses
"leaves" of peat moss have large transparent cells that absorb and store water
99
describe the leaf-like structures on bryophytes
one cell layer thick except at midrib
lens-like chloroplasts
100
how do bryophytes reproduce?
some plants have male and female on same plant, others have separate male and female plants
101
which part of the lifecycle is dominant for bryophytes?
gametophyte
102
describe the lifecycle of Bryophyta
103
describe the sporangium of bryophyta
capsule with sporocytes which undergo meiosis to become haploid spores
104
what are the human uses of bryophytes?
peat moss for gardening
medicinal uses (olden days)
105
what are the 4 phyla associated with seedless vascular plants?
phylum psilophyta (whisk ferns)
phylum lycophyta (ground pines, spike mosses, quillworts)
phylum equisetophyta (horsetails and scouring rushes)
phylum polypodiophyta
106
how did ferns and their relatives appear
vascular plants evolved: internal conducting tissues began to develop
true leaves evolved
roots that function in absorption and anchoring appeared
gametophytes became progressively smaller and more dependent on sporophytes
seedless
107
describe the psilophyta (whisk ferns)
no true leaves or roots
dichotomously branching stems
produce rhizoids which act as root hairs (from rhizomes)
have nations (photosynthetic flaps of tissue [superficially leaf-like] right under sporangium)
108
describe the lifecycle of whisk ferns
ROOT MISLABELED: SHOULD SAY STEM
109
what does the gametophyte generation of whisk ferns lack?
chlorophyll
110
how many species of lycophyta are there?
~950 known species of ground pines and spike mosses (also called club mosses)
111
what are the 2 major genera of lycophyta?
lycopodium (~50 species)
selaginella (~700 species)
112
what do all species of lycophyta have?
microphylls (small leaves with single vein)
113
lycophyta were the first evolved species to have what?
true (adventitious) roots and true stems
114
what is homospory?
all spores are same size
115
what is heterospory?
megasporangia (becomes female gametophyte) and microsporangia (become male gametophyte)
116
describe the homospory lifecycle of lycopodium
sporophyte dominated (diploid)
117
describe the heterospory selaginella lifecycle
118
describe the important factors of reproduction in lycophyta
sporophylls: sporangium bearing leaves
strobili: sporophylls in terminal cone-like clusters
spores produced by sporocytes via meiosis
spores may germinate quickly or be dormant for multiple years
119
describe the ancestors of club mosses
325 million years ago there were large tree-like club mosses (up to 30m tall and 1 m wide)
dominant member of the carboniferous period
contributed to the vast coal deposits formed during this geological period
120
what are the uses of lycopodium spores?
flash photography
pharmacy (keep pills from sticking to one another)
121
what is the phylum equisetophyta?
horse tails and scouring rushes
122
describe the lifecycle of equisetophyta
spores have elaters
123
what phyla have elaters?
liverworts and horsetails
differ in structure: horsetails have wing-like elaters
124
what is the phylum polypodiophyta
ferns
previous name: pterophyta
125
what are the types of ferns?
maidenhair ferns
cinnamon ferns
ostrich ferns
bird's nest ferns (epiphytes)
126
describe the fern lifecycle
sporophyte dominated
large leaves=megaphylls
prothallus= gametophyte
sorus= spots on back of leaves, reproductive structures
127
what is contained in the sorus of a fern?
sporangia containing sporocytes
covered by indusium (flap of tissue)
128
what does gymnosperm mean?
naked seeded plants
129
what are the phyla associated with gymnosperms
pinophyta (conifers)
gingkophyta (gingko)
Cycadophyta (The Cycads)
Gnetophyta (The Gnetophytes)
130
what is a seed?
IMPORTANT ADAPTATION
a mature ovule containing an embryo and bound by a protective seed coat
131
how are seeds different from spores?
surrounded by protective seed coat
have a supply of food (usually endosperm) for the embryo
embryos can be dormant through freezing weather/drought
132
why did seeds lead to the dominance of seed plants?
high survival value of seeds
133
what does it mean to say that gymnosperms are naked seed plants
the seeds are exposed to air
seeds produced on sporophylls
134
what are strobili?
seed cones in which sporophylls of the sporophyte are spirally arranged (pollen bearing male strobili also produced)
135
what are angiosperms?
flowering plants, seeds usually produced within the ovary of the flower
seeds completely surrounded by maternal tissue (vessel seed)
136
describe the pinophytas (conifers)
have clusters (fascicles) of pine needles in clumps of 2,3,5 needles
137
which needle numbers are for hard pines? soft pines?
hard: 2,3
soft: 5
138
what adaptations do conifers have for harsh environments?
cuticle, hypodermis, sunken stomates, mesophyll cells without air spaces, resin canals
*tracheids only*
139
describe the lifecycle of the conifers
heterospory
pollen cones (male strobili) with papery scales
140
what do pollen grains with air sacs contain?
tube cell
spermatogenous (sperm cell)
2 sterile cells
141
what are seed cones?
female strobili
142
what is contained within a pine ovule?
ovule has megasporangium (2n) containing the nucellus (2n) and a single megasporocyte
integument (2n) seed coat
micropyle: structure through which pollen will move
nucellus: diploid tissue through which pollen tube grows
female gametophyte: haploid archegonium with egg (egg haploid)
143
what is special about a yew
seeds not produced in cones, instead surrounded by a red, fleshy cup-like aril
144
how are gingkophyta pollenated?
wind pollination
145
describe gingkophyta
trees seeds and male strobili
seeds have fleshy seed coat
male strobili have flagella (unique for seed structures)
146
how are cycadophyta pollinated?
beetle pollinated
147
describe cycadophyta
sperm have flagella
148
describe gnetophyta
have vessels with xylem (with tracheids)
149
what are the uses for white pines?
flooring
telephone poles
navel stores (ships)
dammar
amber
rosin
150
what is dammar
mix of resins used
to make varnishes
151
what is rosin?
waxy substance
152
what is amber?
from pine forest from
extinct conifers
153
what is spruce used for?
newsprint and violins
154
what is bald cypress used for?
in a swamp-- resistant to decay
155
what is hemlock used for?
source of tannins for tanning shoe leather
156
what is English yew used for?
source of longbows
157
what is the pacific yew used for?
taxol as a treatment for ovarian cancer
158
what is incense cedar and red cedar used for?
perils
159
what is ephedrine used for?
used in treatment of asthma and respiratory problems (serious side effects)
160
describe the latin origin of the word angiosperm?
angio=vessel
sperma=seed
161
what is the vessel of an angiosperm?
the carpel (of the ovary in the pistil)
carpel is like a inrolled leaf with seeds along its margin
162
which part of the reproductive structure is the carpel?
part of the ovary that becomes the fruit
163
what was hypothesis one of flowering plant evolution?
Engler and Prantl – flowering
plants evolved from conifers and primitive
flowers resemble the strobili of conifers
(discredited idea)
164
what was hypothesis 2 of flowering plant evolution?
Bessey – flowering plants evolved
from seed ferns and flower is a modified stem
bearing modified leaves
A) Primitive flowers have a long receptacle and
many spirally arranged flower parts that are
separate and not differentiated into sepals and petals.
Stamens and carpels are flattened and numerous.
165
describe the angiosperm lifecycle sporophyte stage
166
describe the angiosperm lifecycle gametophyte stage
167
what is double fertilization?
1 sperm nucleus fertilizes egg nucleus and forms zygote
2nd sperm nucleus merges with central cell nuclei (3n endosperm provides nutrition for embryo)
168
describe poppy pollen
furrows are apertures through which pollen tube grows
exine coat (protein) on pollen grains diffucult to digest (made of sporopollenin- a complex polymer)
169
what is apomixis?
seeds produced without fertilization
ex: dandelions and hawkweed
170
what is the actual definition of apomixis
reproduction whereby embryos develop without fusion of gamete but with normal structures (e.g. ovaries) being involved
embryo may develop from a 2n nutritive cell or other diploid cell pf an ovule
171
what is parthenocarpy?
fruits that develop from ovaries that have no fertilized eggs
e.g. bananas navel oranges figs grapes
172
Describe the trends of specialization in primitive flowering plants
simple leaves
flowers numerous spirally arranged parts that are not fused to each other
radially symmetrical or regular
flowers have both stamens and pistils
superior ovary
173
what is radial symmetry?
cut in an direction it has equal halves
174
how was the first pistil formed?
from leaf-like structure with ovules along margins (carpel)
175
describe the trends of specialization in advanced flowering plants
receptacle or other flower parts fuse to the ovary and grow up around it (inferior ovary)
bilateral symmetry or irregular
flowers may have both stamens and pistils or may have one or the other
176
what are the most primitive plants? most advanced?
magnolias
orchids
177
describe orchids
no separate stamen
bilateral symmetry
fusion of parts (stamens and anthers fused-- all polls in structure called pollinium)
178
what is a complete flower?
flower with all 4 floral parts: sepals, petals, stamens, pistils *all complete flowers are perfect but not vice versa*
179
what is a perfect flower?
both stamens and pistils present
180
what is an imperfect flower?
unisexual
181
what is an monoecious flower?
both male and female unisexual flowers on same plant
182
what is a dioecious flower?
male (staminate) flowers and female (pistillate) flowers are borne on separate individuals
183
what is the primitive ovary position?
parts hypogynous
superior ovary
184
what is the advanced ovary position?
parts epigynous
inferior ovary
185
what is the middle ovary position called?
half-inferior
parts perigynous
186
what is a hypanthium?
ovary beneath attachment of anthers
187
what is pollination?
transfer of pollen from a male reproductive structure to a female reproductive structure
188
what reproductive structure disperses pollen on gymnosperms
strobili
189
what reproductive structure disperses pollen on angiosperms
pollen from anther to stigma of a receptive pistil (second step involves fertilization of an egg)
190
what are the types of pollination?
wind pollination
animal pollination
191
what is animal pollination?
transfer of pollen by an animal most often insects but also hummingbirds and bats
192
what type of relationship do animal pollinated plants have with the animal
symbiotic (mutualism)
animals get food rewards (nectar/pollen) and plants get successful pollen transfer and reproduction
193
what is a deceptive pollination system?
no reward for pollinator, reward for plant only
194
what are the types of animal pollinators?
flies
butterflies
moths
hummingbirds
bees
bats
195
what are butterflies attracted to?
multiple flower colors, day active
196
what are moths attracted to?
white flowers, night active, long tongues
197
what are hummingbirds attracted to?
see well in red portion of spectrum, red tubular flowers
198
what are bats attracted to?
white flowers with nectar, stout flowers, lots of pollen, night active
199
how do orchids attract pollinators?
[bees] food reward (nectar), some produce organic molecules needed by bees to make sex pheromones
certain have pseudocopulation
200
what is pseudocopulation?
flower has wasp-like structure and produces a sex pheromone mimic that attracts male wasps
males try to copulate with flowers
201
how are plants preserved?
herbarium press and put onto herbarium sheet
202
what is ecology?
the study of the interaction of organisms with their environment
203
what are abiotic factors
nonliving features of the environment
temp, rainfall etc
204
what are biotic factors
living features of environment
competition etc
205
what is competition
when 2 organisms seek access to the same resources
206
what is parasitism?
one organism benefits and one is harmed
207
what is mutualism?
both organisms benefit
208
what is a population?
group of individuals of 1 species in a given place at a given time
209
what is population dynamics?
the study of patterns of a population
stability etc
210
how does conservation biology study population
count numbers, density and biomass
211
what is a community
all populations of different species in a given place at a given time
212
what is an ecosystem?
the interaction of a community with non-living features of the environment
213
what is a biosphere
all ecosystems on earth and their interactions
214
what is a food web
the feeding relationship among organisms that determine the flow of energy through an ecosystem
215
describe the energy pyramid
rule of thumb: 10% of energy at one tropic level is passed to the next
216
describe the symbiotic interaction between acacia and ants
mutualism
thors
Beltian bodies on tips of acacia leaves
ants provide herbivore defense
217
energy follows a one way path through an ecosystem, what does this mean for nutrients
nutrients will cycle
218
what impact have humans had on plant communities
global warming
erosion
aquifer depletion
loss of biodiversity
restoration of land
219
describe the hydrologic (water) cycle
h2O moves from hybrid form to gas in atmosphere (evaporation)
H2O passes through plants (transpiration)
evaporation from plant surface
H2O returns to earths surface as precipitation
220
describe the carbon cycle
movement of carbon from abiotic to biotic to abiotic components of an ecosystem
CO2 in atmosphere is used by plants in P.S.
221
describe the nitrogen cycle
the flow of nitrogen from the abiotic to the biotic and back to the abiotic environment in an ecosystem
atmospheric cycle: N2 is 78% of atmosphere
N2 converted to NH4+ to NO3 in presence of bacteria
then back to NO2 to N2 via denitrification
222
what is life history?
the set of traits that control an organisms survival and reproduction
(size/# of offspring, when reproduction occurs, how long organism lives)
223
what do life history studies include?
examination and allocation of energy to different life functions and the strategies used by plants to promote survival and persistence in the environments they occupy
(annual, biennial, perennial plants)
224
what is succession?
the predictable pattern of community change over time
225
what is primary succession
community succession that takes place on newly formed geological substrate
usually lichens and mosses first, then soil builds and herbaceous plants form, then woody plants
226
what is secondary succession
community succession that takes place in an area where soil exists and the previously existing community has been altered or removed by disturbance
227
what is old-field succession
secondary succession that takes place in abandoned farm fields
228
what is a xerosere?
succession of plant communities on dry geological material
229
what is xeroscaping?
gardening without supplemental water
230
what is a hydrosere?
succession that takes place in an environment with abundant water
231
what is a biome?
a terrestrial biotic community on a global or continental scale
232
list the types of biomes
tundra
taiga (boreal)
temperate deciduous forests
Chapparal – woodland/shrubland
Grassland
Desert
Mountain and Coastal Forest
Tropical Rainforest
233
what are the major determinants of a biome?
precipitation and
pattern of annual temperatures
234
what defines the tundra biome?
-permafrost: permanently frozen soil 10-20cm to 1m below surface
-cold, little precipitation, icy winds
-dominated by dwarf shrubs, sedges, grasses, lichens, mosses
-alpine tundra in mountains (no permafrost)
235
what diagram is used to determine which biome an area falls under?
Walter climate diagram
shows temperature and precipitation across the entire year
236
what are some examples of tundra plants?
dwarf willows, azalea, diapensia, lapland rosebay, sedge carex
237
what are examples of tundra animals
caribou
snowy owl
Arctic fox
lemming
snowshoe hare
