Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards
Human A&P (115 cards)
1
Q
sagittal plane
A
divides body/part into L & R sections
2
Q
midsagittal/median plane
A
divides body/part into equal L & R parts
3
Q
parasagittal plane
A
divides body/part into unequal L & R parts
4
Q
frontal plane
A
divides body/part into anterior and posterior sections
5
Q
transverse/horizontal plane
A
divides body/part into inferior/superior parts
6
Q
subcavities of the posterior body cavity
A
-cranial (within skull, protects brain)
-vertebral/spinal
7
Q
what separates the anterior body cavity subdivisions and what are they?
A
-separated by the diaphragm (functions in breathing
-superior cavity: thoracic
-inferior cavity: abdominopelvic cavity
8
Q
pleural cavities (thoracic cavity)
A
L and R surrounds each and are located within serous membranes
9
Q
mediastinum (thoracic cavity)
A
-between pleural cavities
-houses heart
-great blood vessels
-trachea, esophagus
10
Q
pericardial cavity (thoracic cavity)
A
within the mediastinum and surrounds the heart
11
Q
what 2 divisions are in the abdominopelvic cavity?
A
abdominal and pelvic cavities
12
Q
abdominal cavity
A
contains organs of systems like digestive, lymphatic, and urinary
-some of these are located in another subcavity (peritoneal)
13
Q
serous membrane
A
thin sheets of tissue that form certain cavities within the anterior body cavity
-consists of single layer tissue that folds to enclose a single space
14
Q
serous fluid
A
-watery/slippery
-produced by serous membrane cells
-lubricates organs in cavity (bc friction/heat kills cells)
15
Q
visceral layer
A
inner layer that contacts the organ
16
Q
parietal layer
A
outer layer of serous membrane that attaches to surrounding structures
17
Q
pleural membranes
A
surround the lungs
18
Q
pericardial membranes
A
surround the heart
19
Q
peritoneal membranes
A
around some abdominal organs
20
Q
homeostasis
A
body’s ability to develop/maintain a relatively stable internal environment regardless of outside conditions the body may face
21
Q
negative feedback loop
A
type of regulation which a change in a regulated variable in one direction results in actions that cause changes in the variable in the opposite direction.
-effector activity shuts off when conditions return to normal range
-e.g: sending your body signals to return back to normal range after a diff. range has been reached, such as when one has a fever
22
Q
positive feedback loops
A
less common loop that causes a rapid change in a variable
-gets better before it gets worse
-effector activity increases in response to stimulus & reinforces initial stimulus
-e.g: when a blood clot is formed, although there is already much blood, the body sends signals to make more platelets that will eventually stop the blood
23
Q
principle of complement of structure + function
A
form follows function
-e.g: blood vessels are hollow tubes so they can transport blood throughout the body
24
Q
gradient
A
difference in value of a variable between any two points of the body
25
3 types of gradients
-temperature
-concentration
-pressure
26
2 methods cells use to communicate with each other
nerv. system and endocrine system
-nerv. sys.: consists of nerve cells that send msgs to cells/tissues
-endocrine sys.: endocrine glands release chemicals in the blood that travel and go to tissue which tells the tissue what functions to perform
27
anabolic
builds up
28
catabolic
breaks down
29
characteristics of life
metabolism, growth, excretion, responsiveness/irritability, movement, reproduction
30
structural organization of the body
Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
31
4 elements that make up the body
COHN
-carbon
-oxygen
-hydrogen
-nitrogen
32
isotope
atom w/ greater/fewer neutrons that normal
(normal is weight of the atom on the periodic table)
33
radioisotope
heavier than normal & emits radioactivity
34
suspensions
mixing very large particle w/ water
-particles are so large that when left alone, they settle to the bottom
-e.g: blood
35
colloid
between a solid and a liquid
-appear opaque/cloudy
-e.g: jello
36
solution
Particles are very tiny
-Particles typically dissolve
-Once dissolved, you can’t see them
37
solute
substance dissolved (e.g: sugar)
38
solvent
substance that dissolves solute (e.g: water)
39
chemical bond
-Bond between 2 diff. atoms.
-Matter that is combined chemically
-Electrons in the most outer shell of the atoms are the ones that make chemical bonds
-Energy is required
40
valence shell
outermost atom shell
41
octet rule
the atoms all want to fill their outer shell w/ electrons
(e.g: an atom w/ 2 electrons in its outer shell bonds w another electron to fill the rest)
42
ionic bond
electrons are transferred from one another
-one atom becomes positive, one becomes negative (cation, anion)
-occurs when electrons are transferred from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom
43
covalent bond
electrons are shared from one another
44
cation
positively charged ion
45
anion
negatively charged ion
46
electronegative
bigger & stronger
-pulls electrons to its outer shell
47
nonpolar covalent bond
-hydrophobic
-equal sharing of electrons
-no charge
48
polar covalent bond
-unequal sharing of electrons
-one atom is bigger/stronger than the other (pulls electrons w/ more strength)
-hydrophilic
49
polar molecules
molecules containing polar/hydrophilic bonds
50
hydrogen bonds + formation
-bond is between 2 diff. water molecules
-only occurs between polar molecules (e.g: water)
-formed between slightly positive hydrogen atom and slightly negative atom
51
acid
more H+ ions in a substance (below pH of 7)
52
alkaline/base
more OH- ions in a substance (above pH of 7)
53
buffer
neutralizes solutions in our body by adding either OH- or H+ ions to bring it back to 7.4, depending on how high or low the pH is
54
chemical reaction
when chemical bond is formed, broken, or rearranged or electrons are transferred between 2 or more atoms/molecules
55
how is energy lost
as heat when energy is converted from one form to another
-heat doesn't do work
56
endergonic
you've got to put energy into the system, typically when you build things like anabolic reactions
57
exergonic
release of energy; break things down
58
how are endergonic reactions anabolic
because they're being built up/energy is being added
59
how are exergonic reactions catabolic
because they're being broken down/released
60
enzyme
-protein+catalyst
-protein we make that makes chemical reactions speed up
61
organic molecules
-compounds contain carbon
-bonded to hydrogen
62
inorganic compounds
-generally don't contain carbon
-bonded to water
63
main function of water
regulate body temp.
64
salt
-ionic
-made of metal + nonmetal
65
electrolyte
when salts get in water and the sodiums and chlorides separate
66
relationship between monomer and polymer
-monomer is a single unit of a carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid and polymers are a combo of that
67
carb monomer
monosaccharides
68
lipid monomer
fatty acid
69
protein monomer
amino acid
70
nucleic acid monomer
nucleotide
71
basic function of carbs
energy production and storage, build macromolecules, spare protein, and assist lipid metabolism
72
basic function of lipid
help regulate hormones, transmit nerve impulses, cushion organs, and store energy in the form of body fat
73
basic function of protein
-catalyzing chemical reactions
-synthesizing and repairing DNA
-transporting materials across the --cell
-receiving and sending chemical signals
-responding to stimuli
-providing structural support
74
basic function of nucleotides
encoding, transmitting and expressing genetic information in our cells.
75
can lipids form hydrogen bonds
no they are nonpolar
76
what do carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids have in commone
they're polar/hydrophilic and form hydrogen bonds between molecules
77
structure and function of glucose
-shaped like a hexagon (formed by 6 carbons)
-function is used to make energy (ATP)
78
structure of sucrose
-sucrose is the product of fructose (6 carbons, pentagon shaped) and glucose (6 carbons, hexagon shaped)
-essentially table sugar
-fructose is stores as fat b/c the body doesn’t know how to use it
79
structure and function of glycogen
A form of starch that we can store in our cells
-We store a lot of it in our muscle and liver cells
-We can use it to make ATP
-Too much glycogen can be stored as fat like fructose
80
structure of saturated fat
solid at room temperature. Looks like long straight chains. (bacon grease, lard)
81
structure of unsaturated fat
liquid at room temperature. Double bonds within the chain (oils, plant, fish fat)
82
structure of triglycerides
3 fatty acids linked. Fat that comes in 2 diff forms (saturated/nonsaturated)
83
structure of phospholipids
-Has a head and two tails. The head is polar and the tails are non-polar
-Used to make our membranes
84
where are steroids found in the body
-Type of lipid
-Make hormones, help w/ structure of our membranes
-Helps in digestion and sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
85
4 structural levels of a protein
-Primary structure: long chain of amino acids
-Secondary structure: primary structure folds and becomes 3D. Caused by hydrogen bonds
-alpha helix: coiled spring
-beta sheet: looks like a square
-Tertiary structure: the pleated sheets and alpha helixes fold on each other and either create a glob or a fiber
-Quaternary structure: combo of tertiary structure
86
structure of nucleotide and 5 bases found in nucleic acid
-Monomer for the nucleic acid
-Structure: phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogen base
-Nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine
87
structure and function of atp
contains adenine, sugar, and a triphosphate chain. Function is to make energy as it will send a phosphate to a protein (the phophate delivers energy to a protein
88
structure and function of DNA
carries our genetic material, cannot get out of nucleus. Looks like a ladder, and like a double helix, has thymine
89
structure and function of RNA
function is to carry the genetic code from the DNA that's in the nucleus out to the ribosomes to make proteins. made in the nucleus from DNA. Looks like half of a ladder, contains uracil
90
general cell functions
transport, communicate, cell reproduce
91
3 main parts of cell
plasma membrane, cytoplasm,, nucleus
92
diff. between ECF and ICF (cytosol)
Intracellular fluid or the cytosol is found inside the cell whereas Extracellular fluid is found outside the cell
93
structure of plasma membrane
includes phospholipids (bilayer)
-the heads are facing outwards and the tails are facing inwards towards each other. The outside heads like water, but water cannot get into the middle where the tails are because they’re hydrophobic/non-polar
94
diff. between integral and peripheral proteins in the plasma membrane + their acids
-The peripheral protein is attached to the outside of the membrane, as they have no parts in the middle where the tails are located. (only found on edges)(made w/ hydrophilic amino acids)
-The integral proteins are within the membrane and within the tails (span entire membrane)(made w/ hydrophobic amino acids)
95
function of glycoproteins/lipids attached to membrane
both sugars (carbs) lipid or proteins and function in cell-cell recognition
96
function of steroids inside membrane
function in keeping the membrane together
97
simple diffusion
molecules will move from one side of the cell to the other (outside to in). They go straight through the membrane between the phospholipids AS LONG AS THEY R NONPOLAR. (high concentration to low)
98
carrier/channel diffusion
uses a carrier/channel in the membrane to get even polar molecules from one side of the membrane to the other
99
active transport
Cell has to use its own ATP. (e.g: makes a muscle contract, makes a nerve send an impulse, anything that is mechanical or requires energy in the cell)
100
function of sodium/potassium pump
-Pumps move molecules from low concentration to a high concentration. Think of a water pump moving the water down in the ground to up in the surface.
-Pumps 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell
101
diff. between resting and working cell
-In a resting cell, there are a lot of sodium atoms (negative) on the outside of the cell and a lot of potassium ions (positive) inside the cell.
-When a cell goes to a working condition, the charges switch. So potassium ions (positive) have gone out the cell and sodium ions(negative) have gone into the cell.
102
how does sodium/potassium pump restore cell to rest after cell has worked
The sodium/potassium pump send the cell back to rest. So interchange charges again. Resting -> Working -> Resting
103
structure & function of vesicle
-Membrane/bubble on the inside of the cell that is made out of membrane. Vesicles help cary large molecules that are too big to transport by other means (proteins, sugars, DNA)
104
endocytosis
when large molecules come into the cell
105
exocytosis
when large particles exit the cell
106
mitochondria
where ATP is made w/ glucose. “powerplant” of the cell. Bean shaped w/ ridges on the inside. Has it’s own DNA and can reproduce
107
peroxisome
detox center for hydrogen peroxide
108
ribosome
Tiny structure that produces proteins. RNA is pulled thru ribosomes, where they tell the ribosomes what kind of proteins to make
109
rough ER
has ribosomes on it. Puts protein inside vesicle & sends the vesicle in cell to parts of the body
110
smooth ER
no ribosomes on it, so it can’t make protein. Stores calcium in cell. Is another detox center for substances such as alcohol or certain drugs.
111
golgi apparatus
set of folded membranes which modifies proteins. (e.g: insulin is partially produced in the rough ER and then passes through the golgi aparatus where it ready to help regulate blood sugar)
112
lysosome
produced by Golgi. Their function is to digest structures in the cell such as food particles and bacteria. They can also digest tissues. (e.g: digests the tissues in the fetus hands to make them look like fingers instead of webs)
113
cytoskeleton fibers
(1) actin- smallest and thinnest and contribute a lot to muscle contraction
(2) intermediate filaments- tough, strong, and gives most of its support to the cell
(3) microtubules- largest of all and is a hollow tube usually movement in the cell and is part of the spindle in mitosis and part of the cilia
114
centrioles
make microtubules
115
microvili
extension of cell membrane poking from top of the cell that increases absorption of
