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Microbiology > Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Microbiology

A

Study of small life

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2
Q

1st usable microscope

A

Leeuwenhoek 1673

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3
Q

1st compound microscope

A

Robert Hooke 1665

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4
Q

Cell theory

A
  • Cells are the basic living unit
  • All living things are composed of cells
  • all cells arise from pre existing cells
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5
Q

Theory of spontaneous generation

A
  • living organisms coming from non-living materials

- frecesco redi tested spontaneous generation

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6
Q

Spontaneous generation vs cell theory

A

Louis Pasteur 1861

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7
Q

Pasteurization

A

Brief heat treatment killed spoilage microbes preserved beer

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8
Q

What causes disease?

A
  • divine retribution
  • evil spirits (demons, demonic possession)
  • miasmas (vapors)
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9
Q

Germ cell theory of disease

A

Ignaz Semmelweis 1840

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10
Q

Childbirth fever

A

Killed mother after birth (ignaz)

Washing hands lowered cases

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11
Q

Infected wounds lead to death

A

Joseph Lister 1860

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12
Q

1st use of disinfectant

A 
Joseph Lister 1860
Carbolic acid (phenol) into wounds
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13
Q

Koch’s postulates

A

Robert Koch 1876
Anthrax
Proved germ theory

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14
Q

Smallpox

A

Edward Jenner 1798

Milk maids got cowpox

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15
Q

Immunology

A

Vaccine/vaccination

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16
Q

Contemporary

A

At the same time

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17
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Drugs -kill the microbe before it kills you

It being the drug

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18
Q

Antibiotics

A
  • effective at very low concentration
  • antimicrobial
  • natural substances
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19
Q

No bacterial growth next to mold

A

Alexander Fleming 1927

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20
Q

Penicillin became a useful drug in WWII

A

Ernst Chain
Howard Florey
Nobel prize in 1945

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21
Q

Gram

A

Weight of 1 cubic centimeter of water

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22
Q

1 liter of water weight

A

1 kilogram=1000 grams

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23
Q

Light microscope

Study These Flashcards
A
  • uses white light
  • useful magnification range
    -100x to 2000x
  • resolution/resolving power ability to separate two close points
    Resolution is 0.2 nanometers
24
Q

Variations on light microscope

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Bright field: ordinary
  • Dark field: background is dark, cell is bright, and not staining
  • phase contrast: live, no staining, internal structures
25
Electron microscopes
-use electron beams to illuminate - magnetic “lens” to bend electron beams - resolution of 2.5 nanometers 2 kinds: transmission EM- scanning EM
26
Stains for light microscopes
- Many cells are colorless - Want them to stand out from the background - Simple stain: just color specimen, sometimes requires a mordant to get stain to stick
27
Differential stains
-react differently with different bacteria
28
Gram stain
Hans Christian Gram | - tells cell walls apart
29
Capsule stain
Stain everything but the capsule
30
Endoscope stain
Spore inside cell
31
Flagella stain
Repeatedly “paint” flagella until thick enough to see
32
Fluorescent stains
UV light source Fluorochrome dyes Fluorscense- UV invisible to our eyes
33
Fluorochrome dyes
Sticks to some microbes but not others
34
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells
Pro- No nucleus or organelles, cell wall is made of peptidoglycan, single strand DNA, binary fission (division), and simple Eukaryotic- has a nucleus and organelles, various cell walls, multiple linear chromosomes (DNA), mitosis (division), complex
35
Prokaryotic cells
Morphology- size, shape, and arrangement | No definite shape
36
Flagella
Bacteria Flagellin- hollow protein tube Anchored in plasma membrane by basal body- spins
37
No flagella
Atrichous- “without hair” Peritichous- “ around hair” Monotrichous- “one hair” Polar flagella- out the end
38
Spirocheates
Spirals - axial filaments: similar to flagella, underneath stealth Common in aquatic environments
39
Fimbriae
Protein tubes Extend out from the cell Attachment- “anchor lines”
40
Pili
Hollow tube Connect two cells Allow DNA exchange between cells. Called conjugation
41
Cell wall
External to plasma membrane Protect (rigid) Peptidoglycan- “muccopolysccharide” the
42
Gram +
Thick layer of peptidoglycan Resists mechanical damage Teichoic acid
43
Gram -
Double membrane structure Thin layer of peptidoglycan Periplasmic gel- contains enzymes Advantages- evade phagocytosis, additional layer acts as a barrier to antibiotics, lysozyme, and detergents
44
Mycobacteria
Waxy walls | Acid fast stain
45
Mycoplasmas
No walls | Pleomorphic- no definite shape
46
Archaea
Doesn’t cause disease | Walls built of other materials
47
Plasma membrane
``` Outer boundary of the living cell Consists of a lipid bilateral Very active- materials pass in and out Function- “goodies in, garbage out” Semipermeable ```
48
Cytoplasm
80% water, enzymes, etc.
49
Nucleoid/nuclear area
Chromosome stuck to plasma membrane | No nucleus in bacteria
50
Ribosomes
Made out of rRNA and protein Bacteria have 70s ribosomes (sensitive to some antibiotics) Eukaryotes have 80s ribosomes
51
Inclusions
Stuff lays around cell | Differents
52
Endospores
``` Thick wall Goes to sleep (dormat) Resistant to damage Sporulation- stops growing Germination- starts growing again ```
53
Capsule/glycocalyx
Composition varies (carb, protein, or combo) Sticky Protects cell by: sticky, hides cell from our immune system Increased virulence External to cell wall
54
Aerobic Respiration
glucose to pyruvate to carbon dioxide to ATP
55
Fermentation
Glucose to pyruvate to alcohol and carbon dioxide

Microbiology (5 decks)

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