Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards

Question

Firmicutes

Answer 1

Low G+C ratio Rods and produce endospores Bacillus- facultative anaerobe, non- motile, endospores

Answer 2

``` Anthrax Soil and livestock Cutaneous form- “coal black lesions” Pulmonary/lung- 100% mortality rate Gastrointestinal ```

Answer 3

Food poisoning Produce toxins- spores Diarrhea (most common in restaurant rice)

Answer 4

Produces a toxin- Bt toxin (protein) Kills caterpillars Biocontrol- harmless to humans- kills bugs Genetically modified organisms - corn and few other crops to produce the Bt toxin

Answer 5

``` Endospore forming rods Obligate anaerobe Soil organism Spores are tough and hard to kill- survive 120 degrees for 15 minutes C. Tetani C. Botulinum C. Perfringens C. Difficile ```

Answer 6

``` Causes tetanus Associated with puncture wounds- anaerobic environments Grow to produce a neurotoxin (inhibits exocytosis of neurotransmitters of inhibitory neurons- muscles- “tetanospasmin” - muscle contracts, but can’t relax -• starts with jaw muscles (lock jaw) -•- proceeds from there -•- death from respiratory failure -•- incredibly painful Vaccine Antiserum ```

Answer 7

``` Latin for sausage Botulism Flacio paralysis Neurotoxin Canned foods and sausage (spores survive canning) 1-2 day incubation Lasts 1-10 days Toxin destroy by heat Nitrites (sausage) inhibit sporulation Rare Not in acid foods Honey- don’t give to infants (infant botulism) ```

Answer 8

``` Causes gas gangrene Cytotoxin- kills cells Wound- anaerobic environment - bacterium grows - cytotoxin - kills tissue - bacterium grows Debridment/amputation ```

Answer 9

``` Intestines- can be a component of the normal intestinal flora Antibiotics- wipe out normal flora Party time for C. Diff Toxin- DFH Nosocomial (hospital acquired) infection ```

Answer 10

Acidophile Aerotolerant anaerobe Normal flora- oral, intestinal, vagina Foods- yogurt, pickles, sauerkraut, kimchi

Answer 11

``` Grape like clusters Facultative anaerobes Tolerant high osmoticum (halo phones) On skin- up your nose S. Aureus ```

Answer 12

``` Food poisoning- produces a toxin- diarrhea Ham/ custard Wounds- secondary infections Antibiotic resistance MRSA- Methicillin Resistant S. Aureus ```

Answer 13

``` Chains Aerotolerant anaerobe Good: - lactic acid from fermentation (cheese) Bad: - strep throat - scarlet fever - pneumococcal pneumonia - necrotizing fasciitis Toxins- hemolytic, erthrogenic (scarlet fever), coagulate ```

Answer 14

``` No cell wall Pleomorphic- shape varies Sometimes filamenrous Small- 0.1-0.25 nanometers Colonies are small, but you can culture them- look like fried eggs ```

Answer 15

Mild pneumonia Sometimes called “walking pneumonia” Can cause arthritis in goats

Answer 16

Soil organism | Source of streptomycin- good source of antibiotics

Answer 17

``` Acid-fast microbe Waxy cell walls Slow growing because of waxy walls M. Tuberculosis M. Leprae ```

Answer 18

Deadly lung infection Inhale bacteria - aerosols Connective tissue grows around lumps of bacteria (tubercles) -tubercles- “little potatoes” Antibiotic therapy But antibiotic resistance is now happening

Answer 19

Causes leprosy/Hansen’s disease Affects the peripheral nervous system Obligate parasite- grows on armadillos

Answer 20

Pleomorphic Good chance it’s in your armpit Responsible for arm out odor C. Diphtheriae

Answer 21

Upper respiratory tract infection Diphtheria Droplet transmission Forms tough Greyson membrane in the back of the throat Vaccine Pre-vaccine it was the number one kid killer

Answer 22

Figured out in the 70s Back to genetic evidence (RNA sequence) Many biochemical differences Both bacteria and eukaryia - when looking at lipid membranes they have an “ester” linkage - archaea have an ester linkage in their phospholipids - are in pretty much any habitants - many are extremophiles- live in 100 degree or more, some are halophiles, some are acidophilus, some only live in alkaline environments - do photosynthesis without using chlorophyll and instead use bacteriorhodosin(purple, not green) - many are mutualistic, especially in ruminants- helps with digestion of cellulose- h2+CO2, methanogens- 4H2+CO2-CH4+2H2O - also in the human gut- 1 in 10 are archaea, many are methanogens No pathogens that we know of

Answer 23

Cell walls made of chitin Cells organized into tubes (hypha/hyphae/mycelium) Filaments Thalallus- organ or structure (mushroom) Hyphae can be either coencyte- nuclei loose in cytoplasm Hyphae can be septate- nuclei have separate capartments Nutrition: chemoheterotrophs- their absorbing chemicals as food, decay organisms, parasites, utilize many odd C source Reproduction: asexually- without sex, fragmentation- tear them apart, yeasts- budding, also produce spores Sexual reproduction: life cycle is backwards from us- spend most of their life cycle as a haploid(1N), diploid (2N)- short, brief Medical mycology- “study of fungi”- mycosis- fungal infection-usually slow growing, cutaneous- ringworm, athletes foot, keratinase- enzyme that breaks down keratin Subcutaneous mycosis- more rare, wounds, systemic mycosis- deep tissue- most common form in the lungs- histoplasmosis- most common if agriculture (hay baling)

Answer 24

``` Obligate intercellular parasites Single celled Dont have mitrochondria No sex Conjunctivitis- pink eye Diarrhea ```

Answer 25

``` Bubonic plague Black Plague Zoonose- animal reservoir Bubonic: “bubos”- swollen lymph nodes, black, painful, high fever, 75% death rate Pneumonic- lungs, inhalation, 100% fatal ```

Answer 26

``` Rod Microaerophile Flagella Peptic ulcer disease Barry marshal- biopsy always, Koch’s postulates, antibiotic therapy, Nobel prize ```

Answer 27

``` Blue-green algae H2O + CO2- sugar+ O2 Photosynthesis- regular N fixation Ecologically huge Purple sulfur bacteria Anoxygenic photosynthesis Dont produce O2 H2S + CO2- sugar+ S2 ```

Answer 28

``` STD- all too common Obligate intracellular parasite No vector Non- gonococcal urethritis Trachoma- blindness ```

Answer 29

Axial filaments O2 requirement varies Aerobes- facultative anaerobe

Answer 30

Syphilis- STD 3 phases: Primary - chancre sore, open sore at site of infection, painless, might not be obvious Secondary - oral sores, rash, very infectious, lantent- no obvious symptoms 2-4 years old Tertiary - gummas, skin lesion, weakened aorta, blond, neurosyphilis- CNS, painful- crazy Antibiotic resistance

Answer 31

``` Lyme disease Zoonose- deer to ticks to humans Bulls eye rash at bite site Flu like symptoms Fatigue- neurological problems Heart Meningitis Antibiotics are not always effective Difficult to diagnose ```

Answer 32

DNA base pairing

Answer 33

Sexual reproduction is via zygosporez Coenoctic- no cross walls Asexual stage is via sporanglospores No make it female rather mating types (+/-) 2 hypo is nuclei fuse, which gets us back to diploid, the perform meiosis to become haploid again

Answer 34

Can infect wounds | Inhalation of spores can be bad- histoplasmosis

Answer 35

Sac fungi Yeast Sexual stage- consists of 8 ascospores in a structure called Ascus Asexual conidiospores Diseases: athletes foot, ring worm, yeast infection, penicilium, ergot- plant disease of grasses (rye and wheat- fungus replaces the grain)

Answer 36

Club fungi- mushrooms and puffballs and stinkhorns Sexual stage- basidiospores Fuming body- mushroom Diseases: dandruff, meningitis caused by cryptococcus from epiduralanesthetc

Answer 37

Photosynthetic- live in water (fresh and marine) Medically important- dinoflagellates- unicellular floaters Blooms- turn H2O red Clams are filter feeders and concentrate neurotoxins You eat the clam- you get paralytic shell fish poisoning

Answer 38

Animals like: protozoan Unicellular- diverse Asexual- mitosis/fission, shizogony- multiple fission Sexual reproduction: crazy diverse- conjugation- haploid nuclei, swap micronuceli, then fuse the macro and micronuceli, diploid, meiosis, haploid Gametocytes- haploid sex cells, like sperm and egg, but look the same

Answer 39

Used to be mastigophora Have flagella Typically spindle shaped- cigar shape Giardia

Answer 40

Has flagella Undulating membrane DFH “Beaver fever”

Answer 41

Trematodes (classes within phylum) Sometimes referred to as “flukes” because they are leaf shaped Paragonimus- lung fluke Blood fluke- shistomas/schistosomiasis

Answer 42

``` Humans are definitive hossnails are the alternate host Problem in tropic (S. America) 250x10^6 infected Larvae can borrow through your skin Bladder and urinary system Intestines Systemic Can get into the brain ```

Answer 43

Tapeworms Taenia- beef tapeworm Simple Dont have a gut, brain, eyes, etc Live in intestines- absorb nutrients Can get 6 meters long Proglottids fill up with eggs Eggs in feces Get eaten by cows Eggs hatch in cow Larvae migrate to muscle tissue and go format “Measly beef” cook steak rare and encrust wake up in you They can get into the diaphragm and eye muscles (rare) Pork tapeworm- common in Mexico and Latin America, intestines, brain, eyes

Answer 44

``` Round worms Tube gut (mouth and anus) Many many are in soil Parasitic too Enterobius Ascaris Necktie Truchinella ```

Answer 45

``` Pin worms 1-2 cm Size of a pin Preferred habitat is large intestines Playing in the dirt and not washing your hands Mostly a problem with kids Scotch tape test ```

Answer 46

30 cm long Small intestines Eat eggs- larvae- lungs- throat- intestines-sex- eggs in feces Adults can escape- anus or Jose or puncture small intestines

Answer 47

``` Hookworm 1 cm or so One end hooked Common in SE US Suck blood in intestines Eggs escape in feces Larvae in soil Can borrow through skin ```

Answer 48

Pigs/ people Adults in intestines- sex Larvae migrate to muscle tissue Encyst

Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards

(72 cards)