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lecture exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it possible to say LUCA may have been a community?

A

Horizontal gene transfer -
LUCA may have been an interbreeding community, so natural selection could not be possible because heredity was not established

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2
Q

What is horizontal gene transmission?

A

The movement of genes from one genome to another, complicates efforts to build a tree of life.

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3
Q

Who was Lynn Margulis?

A

She suggested that eukaryotes arose as an endosymbiosis between bacterium and archaea.

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4
Q

Who is Carl Woese?

A

He used rRNA sequences to draw phylogenetic trees instead of morphology.

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5
Q

Who was Norm Pace?

A

He used cloning techniques to allow identification of microbes without having to grow them

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6
Q

Why did Woese use ribosomal RNA to study the tree of life?

A

rRNA genes evolve slowly

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7
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

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8
Q

What types of environments can extremophile Archaeans be found in?

A

Extreme environments - hypersaline water, strongly acidic water, very hot water, deep sea vents, and anaerobic environments

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9
Q

What do Archaeans and Eukaryotes have in common?

A

They are genetically and metabolically similar to each other.

RNA polymerase
Initiator amino acid for protein synthesis

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10
Q

What do Archaeans and bacteria have in common?

A

Their structures and shapes are similar - spheres, rods, spirals, and plates

Membrane lipids
Response to the antibiotics streptomycin and chloramphenicol

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11
Q

Who discovered Archaeans, when, and using what data type?

A

Woese discovered them in 1977 when they were separated from bacteria using the phylogenetic taxonomy of rRNA

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12
Q

Describe Deinococcus radiodurans. Why is it like that?

A

It is an extremophile and radio-resistant.
They have multiple storages of their genetic material so if one gets damaged there is always a backup.

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13
Q

Describe the three shapes that prokaryotes can have.

A
  1. Cocci (sphere)
  2. Bacilli (rod)
  3. Spiral
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14
Q

How is the cell wall of a bacterium unique with respect to the other 2 domains?

A

Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, a network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides.

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15
Q

Describe how gram-staining works.

A

Scientists can classify bacterial species by gram-staining into Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that can be toxic.

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16
Q

Who developed gram-staining?

A

It was developed by Hans Christian Gram

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17
Q

A bacteria stains purple, is it gram-negative or positive?

A

Positive

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18
Q

Describe and be able to label the two types of bacteria cell walls.

A
  1. Eukaryote cell walls - made of cellulose or chitin
  2. Bacterial cell walls - contain peptidoglycan
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19
Q

T or F: Bacteria can be found as high as 25 miles and as deep as a half mile underground

A

True

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20
Q

What, specifically, does penicillin attack?

A

The peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls

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21
Q

What’s a capsule and what is it good for?

A

It is a polysaccharide/protein layer that covers prokaryotes.

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22
Q

What’s a fimbria?

A

Fimbria are attachment pili that allow bacteria to stick to their substrate or other individuals in a colony.

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23
Q

What’s a pilus?

A

A pilus or sex pili are longer and allow exchanging of DNA.

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24
Q

What is taxis?

A

Taxis is the ability to move toward/away from certain stimuli.

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25
Q

If chemotaxis means moving toward a specific chemical. What do you think negative chemotaxic means?

A

Negative chemotaxis would mean to move away from a specific chemical.

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26
Q

Label the flagella mechanism of a bacteria and describe how it works.

A

Flagella are what bacteria use to propel themselves for motility.

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27
Q

Are all archaeans extremophiles?

A

No, some are methanogens that live in anaerobic habitats.

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28
Q

What are two types of interior membranes that can be found in some bacteria?

A
  1. Respiratory membranes
  2. Thylakoid membranes
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29
Q

Describe the two types of DNA in a bacterium.

A
  1. Plasmid - delivers DNA
  2. Nucleiod - main DNA material
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30
Q

Bacterial generation times are about how long?

A

Bacteria divide every 1-3 hours by binary fission, sometimes even 20 minutes.

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31
Q

What’s an endospore? How can you kill it?

A

An endospore is a resistant asexual sport that develops inside some bacteria cells. It can be killed when heated to 121ºC UNDER PRESSURE.

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32
Q

What are the three ways that bacteria generate so much genetic diversity?

A
  1. Rapid reproduction
  2. Mutation
  3. Genetic recombination
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33
Q

About how many mutations occur in your E. coli fauna every day?

A

A milliion

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34
Q

What is the F-factor?

A

A piece of DNA that is required for the production of sex pili and can exist as a separate plasmid or as DNA within a bacterial chromosome.

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35
Q

What is an R-plasmid?

A

They carry genes for antibiotic resistance.

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36
Q

What is an Hfr cell?

A

High-frequency recombination cell is a bacterium with a conjugative plasmid (donor cell)

37
Q

What two things are required to kill an endospore?

A

Heat and pressure

38
Q

Why might a doctor cycle a drug treatment with a short period of no drugs?

A

Use antibiotics to knock down bacteria, but there is a resistant bacteria that does not get touched.
Cycling.

39
Q

Where (what bacterial group) did your mitochondria come from?

A

Rhizobium

40
Q

Why are alpha proteobacteria like Rhizobium important to plants (and us)?

A

Internal cell membranes (ancestors of our mitochondria)
Cellular respiration

41
Q

What is binary fission?

A

A kind of asexual reproduction and the most common form of reproduction.
Splits into 2 and can divide every 1-3 hours

42
Q

What is a leading hypothesis for chlamydia causing infertility?

A

It affects the reproductive pathway.

43
Q

Beans provide a home for Rhizobium in their roots. The bacteria provide usable nitrogen. Living together like this is termed …

A

mutualistic symbiosis

44
Q

Lyme disease and syphilis are caused by …

A

parasites

45
Q

Why are cyanobacteria considered so important?

A

They generate oxygen. Plant chloroplasts likely evolved from cyanobacteria by the process of endosymbiosis.
Earth changed into an aerobic planet.

46
Q

What was the Great Oxygen Event? When did it happen?

A

It was covered in methane. The appearance of free oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere.
It happened 2.4 billion years ago

47
Q

What are the three types of symbiotic relationships?

A
  1. Mutualism
  2. Commensalism
  3. Parasitism
48
Q

A disease-causing bacteria is called a…

A

pathogen

49
Q

Describe how Lyme disease is transmitted

A

A deer tick bites into human and insets a toxin. Muscles expands and pathogenic prokaryotes cause diseases by releasing exotoxins and endotoxins

50
Q

What are the 4 major nutritional modes in bacteria?

A
  1. Photoautotrophs
  2. Chemoautotrophs
  3. Photoheterotrophs
  4. Chemoheterotrophs
51
Q

Describe the three bacterial modes concerning oxygen use/tolerance.

A
  1. Obligate anaerobes - don’t like oxygen
  2. Obligate aerobes - like oxygen
  3. Facultative aerobes - do either
52
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

Prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia

53
Q

Give an example of a nitrogen-fixing bacteria and where it lives.

A

Soybeans - lives on the root

54
Q

What’s a biofilm?

A

In some prokaryotic species, metabolic cooperation occurs in surface - coating colonies called biofilms

55
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

A unicellular protist

56
Q

What are the five major eukaryote groups?

A
  1. Excavata
  2. Chromalveolata
  3. Rhizara
  4. Archaeplastida
  5. Unikonta
57
Q

What are the three nutritional strategies of eukaryotes?

A
  1. Photoautotrophs - contain chloroplasts
  2. Heterotrophs - absorb organic molecules or ingest
    large food particles
  3. Mixtrophs - combine photosynthesis and
    heterotrophic nutrition
58
Q

Describe the primary endosymbiosis of plastids. What two groups arose this way?

A

The plastid-bearing lineage of protists evolved into red and green algae.
Archeoplastids and Chromalveolates arose this way.

59
Q

Describe secondary endosymbiosis. What 3 groups arose this way? How do we know it was secondary?

A

On several occasions during eukaryotic evolution, red and green algae underwent secondary endosymbiosis in which they were ingested by a heterotrophic eukaryote.
Chromalveolates, Rhizarians, and Excavates arose this way.

60
Q

What are the 3 groups within the Excavata?

A
  1. Diplomonads
  2. Parabasalids
  3. Euglenozoans
61
Q

What basic properties do the excavates share?

A

A cytoskeleton
They have modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella

62
Q

If an excavate has a plastid, where did it originate?

A

From red or green algae

63
Q

What is the main distinguishing feature of a Euglenozoan?

A

A spiral/crystalline rod of unknown function within the flagella

64
Q

What two groups make up the Euglenozoa?

A
  1. Kinetoplastids
  2. Euglenids
65
Q

What two diseases are caused by Trypanosoma infections?

A
  1. Sleeping sickness
  2. Chagas’ disease
66
Q

What 2 groups make up the Chromalveolates?

A
  1. Alveolates
  2. Stramenopiles
67
Q

What distinguishes alveolates? What is that for?

A

They have membrane-bound sacs (alveoli) under the plasma membrane, function is unknown

68
Q

Dinoflagellates gain nutrition by either being…

A

mixotrophs or heterotrophs

69
Q

Dinoflagellates release toxins and blooms may result in…

A

toxic red tides

70
Q

Malaria is caused by the apicomplexan…

A

Plasmodium

71
Q

About how many people contract malaria each year?

A

350-500 million

72
Q

How many people die each year from malaria?

A

1-3 million

73
Q

T or F Humans have evolved in response to malaria?

A

True

74
Q

Where do merozoites develop in your body?

A

Merozoites develop in the liver cells and then the red cells in the blood.

75
Q

Where do gametocytes develop in your body?

A

Gametocytes develop in the blood marrow.

76
Q

Ciliates have cilia and two types of nuclei…

A

Macronuclei and micronuclei

77
Q

How do paramecia become recombinant?

A

Conjunction

78
Q

How do paramecia reproduce?

A

via meiosis

79
Q

Stramenopiles are characterized by what type/s of flagella?

A

A hairy flagellum and a smooth flagellum

80
Q

Diatoms of skeletons made of hydrated…

A

silica

81
Q

Golden algae get their color from yellow and brown…

A

cartenoids

82
Q

Some golden algae are … in addition to being autotrophic

A

heterotrophic

83
Q

An example of brown algae is…

A

seaweed/kelp

84
Q

Are brown algae (protists) multicellular?

A

yes

85
Q

How many feet can brown algae grow in one day?

A

1-2 feet

86
Q

What are the three parts of a brown algae and what do they do?

A
  1. Holdfast- anchors the algae
  2. Stipe - stemlike, supports blades
  3. Blades - photosynthetic, leaflike
87
Q

What group caused the Irish Potato famine and why was it so devastating to the potatoes?

A

Phytophthora infestins caused the Irish Potato famine

88
Q

What’s the genus of that bacteria in the bobtail squid?

A

Vibrio fischeri

OD (4 decks)

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