lecture exam 3 review questions

Question 1

How is Archaeplastida different from plants?

Answer 1

There is no difference, they are the same

Question 2

Why are red algae red?

Answer 2

A pigment called phycoerythrin masks the green pigment of chlorophyll

Question 3

What are red algae used for (by people)?

Answer 3

Nori - sushi (seaweed)
Carrageenan (thickening agent) - desserts, beer, shampoo, pet food, toothpaste

Question 4

What’s a chlorophyte?

Answer 4

A group of green algae

Question 5

Where do chlorophytes live? (3 places)

Answer 5

freshwater, damp soil, snow

Question 6

What are the two life cycles of chlorophytes?

Answer 6

1. Asexual
2. Sexual - occurs when life is threatened (ex. lack of food) for quicker reproduction rates and variation

Question 7

What 4 morphological traits support the sister-taxa relationship of charophytes and land plants?

Answer 7

1. Rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis
2. Peroxisome enzymes for metabolism
3. Flagellated sperm structure
4. Phragmoplast formation

Question 8

What 2 genetic datasets support the sister-taxa relationship of charophytes and land plants?

Answer 8

?

Question 9

Four reasons to move to shallow water from deep.

Answer 9

1. Sunlight
2. More CO2
3. Soils rich in nutrients
4. Fewer herbivores and pathogens

Question 10

Two challenges of land for plants.

Answer 10

1. Scarcity of water
2. Standing up

Question 11

What is sporopollenin?

Answer 11

A durable layer polymer in charophytes that prevent exposed zygotes from drying out

Question 12

What are the big 4 unique traits of land plants?

Answer 12

1. Alternations of generations
2. Walled spores produces in sporangia
3. Multicellular gametangia
4. Apical meristems

Question 13

What is gametangia?

Answer 13

Tissue that produces gametes

Question 14

What’s a cuticle?

Answer 14

Polyester and wax polymers that reduce water loss

Question 15

What’s a secondary plant compound?

Answer 15

Acts as herbivore deterrent and UV protection, proven helpful for medicines

Question 16

What’s a mycorrhizal fungus?

Answer 16

Fungi that have symbiotic relations with land plants, may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients.

Question 17

What does Chlamydomonas teach us about the benefits of sexual reproduction?

Answer 17

Increases diversity within a population & recombination of genes

Question 18

Why are these dates important: 4.5 billion years ago (bya), 3.8 bya, 1.2 bya, 0.5 bya (500 million)

Answer 18

4.5 bya: origin of solar system and earth
3.8 bya: prokaryotes in water/origin of life
1.2 bya: cyano on land (biofilms); first multicellular species
0.5 bya: land plants (animals followed shortly after, but plants came to land first)

Question 19

Why are gametes made via mitosis and spore via meiosis?

Answer 19

Gametes made via mitosis because they are already haploid and only need to split up/divide by 2
The gametophyte is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis (multiply by 2)
Spores made via meiosis because they are diploid and need to become haploid
Fusion of the gametes gives rise to the diploid sporophyte, which produces haploid spores by meiosis
A spore has the ability to grow into adult gametophyte by itself - it does not need to interact with another cell to do this, all it needs to do is find favorable conditions.
* A gamete has to fuse with another gamete before it can for a zygote that can grow into the adult sporophyte

Question 20

What are the three groups of nonvascular land plants?

Answer 20

Liverworts, hornworts, mosses

Question 21

What does “vascular” refer to?

Answer 21

vascular tissue

Question 22

Why are nonvascular plants so small?

Answer 22

They lack a vascular system

Question 23

What are the 2 generations that alternate in land plants?

Answer 23

The diploid sporophyte and the haploid gametophyte.

Question 24

What’s the generation that is obvious to us in nonvascular plants?

Answer 24

gametophyte (haploid)

Question 25

Compare and contrast archegonia and antheridia. How are they alike? How are they different?

Answer 25

Archegonia: female gametangia, produce eggs and are the site of fertilization Antheridia: the site of sperm production and release Both: have something have something to do with reproduction and both have organs that can produce gametes

Question 26

What is a sporangium?

Answer 26

organ that produces spores

Question 27

What are the differences between a spore and a gamete?

Answer 27

A spore is a cell that can grow into an organism on its own. A gamete needs to fuse to become an organism

Question 28

What is so special about an apical meristem?

Answer 28

It is where the plant actually grows. Differiante into different tissues.

Question 29

Early fossil spores were not singular but in clumps of ________ (number?).

Answer 29

4

Question 30

Why is vascular tissue important?

Answer 30

Transports organic and inorganic compounds allows the plant to grow big and tall.

Question 31

What 3 groups are the nonvascular land plants?

Answer 31

liverworts, hornworts, and mosses

Question 32

.What 2 groups form the seedless vascular plants?

Answer 32

Lycophytes (club mosses) Pterophytes (ferns and their relatives)

Question 33

What 2 groups form the seed plants?

Answer 33

angiosperms and gymnosperms

Question 34

.What's a seed?

Answer 34

An embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

Question 35

What's a hepatophyta?

Answer 35

a liverwort which fits into the nonvascular land plant group

Question 36

What's an anthocerophyte?

Answer 36

a hornwort also a part of the nonvascular land plant group.

Question 37

The ___________ is dominant in the nonvascular life-cycle.

Answer 37

gametophyte_

Question 38

A spore develops into a____________.

Answer 38

gametophyte

Question 39

Gametes fuse to eventually give rise to a___________.

Answer 39

zygote_

Question 40

What does a bryologist study?

Answer 40

bryophytes

Question 41

Why do moss need wet environments?

Answer 41

since mosses are non vascular they lack the tissue so they have not transport system, instead mosses most absorb water directly from the environment

Question 42

Vascular tissue is necessary to ____________.

Answer 42

transport nutrients_

Question 43

The two types of vascular tissues are_____________ and _____________.

Answer 43

xylem and phloem

Question 44

Why do ferns do best in wet habitats?

Answer 44

Their spores will dry out if they are not in wet habitats.

Question 45

What does homosporous and heterosporous mean?

Answer 45

Homosporous: one type of spore Heterosporous: produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes and microspores that give rise to male gametophytes

Question 46

What do the two types of vascular tissues do?

Answer 46

Xylem transports and stores water and nutrients. Phloem is responsible for transporting sugars, proteins and other organic molecules

Question 47

What 3 things make up a seed?

Answer 47

Embryo Food supply (storage tissue) Protective coat

Question 48

What are the 5 key adaptations of seed plants?

Answer 48

* Reduced gametophytes * Heterospory * Ovules * Pollen grains * Seeds

Question 49

Why are these adaptations KEY for terrestrial life?

Answer 49

Seeds– allows them to produce without use of water Pollen grains– able to disperse across great distances

Question 50

What are the 3 parts of an unfertilized ovule?

Answer 50

Megasporangium Megaspore Integument

Question 51

What is a pollen grain?

Answer 51

Sexual reproduction the transfer of pollen to the part of seed plant containing the ovules Angiosperm and Gymnosperm Eliminates the need to transport through water

Question 52

What is pollination?

Answer 52

reproduction

Question 53

What are the 3 parts of a gymnosperm seed. If they have chromosomes, what are their ploidy levels?

Answer 53

Seed coat Food supply (haploid) → n Embryo (new sporophyte) → diploid (2n)

Question 54

What are the four phyla of gymnosperms. Give an example of a plant from each.

Answer 54

Cycadophyta - cycas revoluta- looks like tiny palm tree Ginkgophyta - Ginkgo biloba (pollen producing male tree Gnetophyta - Mormon tea Coniferophyta- Douglas fur- Bristlecone pine

Question 55

Genus Ephedra (Mormon tea) produces the secondary plant compounds:

Answer 55

caffeine and ephedrine

Question 56

Many conifer forests depend on _________ for survival.

Answer 56

fire ecology

Question 57

Male spores of a pine tree are called __________ and develop into a____

Answer 57

_microsporyte and gametophyte_

Question 58

Female spores are called __________ and develop into a___________.

Answer 58

megasporocyte and embryo

Question 59

About how many species of angiosperms?

Answer 59

250,00

Question 59

What are three key features of the gymnosperm life cycle?

Answer 59

Alternation of generations Dominant sporophyte Reduced gametophytes

Question 59

What are the four major parts of a flower that are derived from specialized leaves?

Answer 59

Sepal Petals Stamens Carpals

Question 59

It can take nearly _______ years to go from cone to seed.

Answer 59

3

Question 59

What is a major ecological problem with the message in the Smokey the Bear ad depicted at right?

Answer 59

It doesn't allow fire ecology to happen

Question 60

How does the grass stage of a longleaf pine survive a fire?

Answer 60

Grass stage - builds root system. Meristem protected by needles

Question 60

Angion is greek for_______________.

Answer 60

seed

Question 61

What's a fruit?

Answer 61

fruit typically consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts Fruits protect seeds and aid in their dispersal Mature fruits can either be fleshy or dry Various fruit adaptations help disperse seeds Seeds can be carried by wind, water, or animals to new locations

Question 62

Why does a strawberry turn red?

Answer 62

Indicates to animals that fruit is mature and ready to be eaten; seeds are mature and ready to be spread

Question 63

The male part of a flower is the___________ and has an_______ on top of a ______

Answer 63

stamen, anther and filament

Question 64

What are the parts of a carpel?

Answer 64

An ovary/ovule, stigma, style

Question 65

What's an anachronistic fruit!?

Answer 65

Fruits out of time (animals today don’t really eat them)

Question 66

Janzen would say that hedge apples and/or Guanacaste fruits are becoming more rare because_____________ are missing.

Answer 66

Gomphotheres - large elephants (now extinct) that would eat the apples and poop them out, therefore allowing them to reproduce.

Question 67

What is corn silk?

Answer 67

Female part of corn

Question 68

How did the ancestor of all of the Archaeplastida get its chloroplasts?

Answer 68

Secondary endosymbiosis

Question 69

Monocots

Answer 69

More than one quarter of angiosperm species are monocots Orchids, dat palms, lilies, barley

Question 70

Eudicots

Answer 70

more than two-thirds of angiosperm species are eudicots Poppies, pyrenean oak, dog rose, snow peas, zucchini flowers

Question 71

What's the difference between monocots and eudicots?

Answer 71

Monocots = parallel lines in leaves Eudicots (dicots) = netlike lines in leaves

Question 72

myzcorrhizal fungi?

Answer 72

Most land plants rely on mycorrhizal fungi to aid in the uptake of nutrients from the soil and these plants can even share using this network.