Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Spongy bones are primarily made up of what type of bone structures?
A
Trabeculae
2
Q
Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood?
A
Epiphyseal plate
3
Q
What is absolutely required for bone growth or healing from a fracture?
A
Osteoblasts
4
Q
Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?
A
The secretion of a new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
5
Q
The structural unit of compact bone is called ______
A
Osteons
6
Q
Which hormones are primarily involved in regulation of blood calcium?
A
PTH and calcitonin
7
Q
What type of tissue is present at the weight bearing joints such as knees, vertebral disks, etc.
A
Fibrocartilage
8
Q
Cells of which tissue have one of the highest mitotic rate, line the hollow organs in layers, and are not under voluntary control?
A
Smooth muscle tissue
9
Q
Which connective tissue functions as the major storage of fuel and may act as insulation?
A
Adipose tissue
10
Q
Which type of connective tissue is most abundant in the human body and also known as filler tissue?
A
Areolar connective tissue
11
Q
The major difference between hyaline and elastic cartilage is….
A
Hyaline cartilage is glossy and the collagen fibers are not very visible
12
Q
Chondroblast cells….
A
Divide within and secrete new matrix in a cartilage
13
Q
Which tissue has tensile strength, is avascular, and has cells in lacunae
A
Cartilage
14
Q
Which tissue cells are involved in making coverings, exhibit polarity, are highly mitotic, and may have different shapes?
A
Epithelial tissue
15
Q
Connective tissue that provides support, has tensile strength, and acts as calcium reservoir in the body is
A
Bone
16
Q
What type of tissue is involved in communicating with other tissues via electric signals?
A
Nervous tissue
17
Q
Basic unit of bone
A
Osteon
18
Q
What is made of concentric rings known as lamellae
A
Osteons
19
Q
What is the central canal also called?
A
Haversion canal
20
Q
Where are osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts found?
A
In the lacunae, found where the lamellae meet
21
Q
What is the function of canaliculi?
A
To connect one lacunae to another
22
Q
What is the most atypical connective tissue and a fluid?
A
Blood
23
Q
What type of blood cells are most common?
A
Red
24
Q
What does blood tissue contain?
A
White blood cells
Red blood cells
Platelets
25
What are the soluble proteins that precipitate during blood clotting?
Fibers
26
What does the blood tissue function in?
Transport
27
What is a highly vascularized tissue?
Muscle tissue
28
What tissue is responsible for most types of movement?
Muscle tissue
29
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
30
Is skeletal tissue voluntary?
Yes
31
Is cardiac muscle tissue voluntary?
No
32
Where is smooth muscle tissue found?
Mainly in the walls of hollow organs other that heart
33
Is smooth muscle voluntary?
No
34
What are the main components of nervous system?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
35
What tissue system regulates and controls body functions?
Nervous
36
What are neurons?
Specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses
37
What is neuroglia?
Supporting cells that support insulate and protect neurons
38
When is tissue repair necessary?
When barriers are penetrated
39
What occurs in tissue repair?
Cells must divid and migrate
40
What are the two ways in which tissue repair occurs
Regeneration and fibrosis
41
What occurs during regeneration?
Same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue
Original function is restored
42
What occurs during fibrosis?
Connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue
Original function lost
43
What is step 1 of tissue repair
Inflammation
44
What occurs during inflammation?
Severed blood vessels bleed
Inflammatory chemicals are released
Blood vessels become more permeable allowing white blood cells, clotting proteins, and other proteins to seep into area
Clotting occurs, surface dries, a scab is formed
45
What is step 2 of tissue repair?
Organization restores blood supply
46
What occurs during organization restoring the blood supply?
The clot is replaced by granulation tissue
Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that bridge the gap
Macrophages phagocytize dead and dying cells
Surface epithelial cells multiply and migrate over granulation tissue
47
What happens to surface epithelial cells during step 2 of tissue repair
They multiply and migrate over granulation tissue
48
What is the clot replaced by in step 2 of tissue repair?
Granulation tissue
49
What bridges the gap made by granulation tissue in tissue repair step 2?
Collagen fibers made by fibroblasts
50
What is step 3 of tissue repair?
Regeneration and fibrosis affect permanent repair
51
What occurs during step 3 of tissue repair?
The fibrosis area matures and contracts
Epithelium thickens
A fully regenerated epithelium with an underlying area of scar tissue results
52
What happens to the epithelium in step 3 of tissue repair?
It thickens, is fully regenerated with underlying scar tissue
53
which canal in the compact bone contains blood vessels and nerve fibers
the central "Haversion" canal
54
Which canal is lined with endosteum?
Perforating (volkmann's canals)
55
What is the purpose of the volkmanns canal/perforating canal
to connect blood vessels and nerves of periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal
56
what are lacunae?
small cavities that contain osteocytes
57
what are canaliculi?
hair like canals that connect lacunae to each other and central canal
58
What is interstitial growth?
Growth in length of long bones
59
What occurs during interstitial growth?
Epiphyseal plate thins and is replaced by bone
60
When does interstitial growth occur?
Near end of adolescence chondroblasts divide less often
61
What occurs during epiphyseal plate closure?
bone lengthening ceases
bone of epiphysis and diaphysis fuses
62
When does epiphyseal plate closure occur for women?
about 18
63
When does epiphyseal plate closure occur for men?
About 21
64
What is appositional growth?
Growth in width
65
Appositional growth allows bone to _______
widen
66
Which growth occurs throughout life?
Appositional growth
67
What occurs during appositional growth
osteoblasts beneath periosteum secrete bone matrix on external bone
Osteoclasts remove bone on endosteal surface
68
What occurs more in appositional growth, breaking down bone or building up?
building up, usually resulting in thicker stronger bone that is not too heavy
69
Which hormone is most important in stimulating epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood
growth hormone
70
which hormone modulates activity of growth hormone, and ensures proper proportions?
thyroid hormone
71
Which hormone promotes adolescent growth spurts, and end growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure?
Testosterone in men and estrogen in women
72
Excesses or deficits of any hormone will cause ______ skeletal growth
abnormal
73
How does PTH control blood calcium levels?
It removes calcium from bone regardless of bone integrity
74
How does calcitonin control blood calcium levels?
High doses can lower blood calcium levels temporarily
75
Where is PTH produced?
The parathyroid glands
76
Where is calcitonin produced?
The parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
77
What are the risk factors of osteoporosis?
Petite body form
insufficient exercise
diet poor in calcium
smoking
hormone related conditions
78
what hormone related conditions can contribute to osteoporosis risk
Hyperthyroidism
low blood levels of thyroid stimulating hormone
diabetes mellitus
79
Who is most likely to get osteoporosis
Aged post menopausal women
80
Plenty of calcium in the diet in early adulthood can reduce risk of
osteoporosis
81
Reduced carbonated beverage and alcohol consumption can reduce risk of
osteoporosis
82
plenty of weight bearing exercise can help reduce risk of
osteoporosis
83
How does alcohol and carbonated beverage consumption affect risk of osteoporosis
It leaches minerals from bone so decreases bone density
84
How can weight bearing exercise help prevent osteoporosis?
It increases bone mass above normal for a buffer against age related bone loss
85
What are sinuses?
Mucosa lined air filled spaces
86
What do sinuses do?
Lighten the skull
warm and humidify air
enhance resonance of voice
87
where are sinuses found?
frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid bones
88
What is an intervertebral disc?
A cushion like pad between vertebra
89
What does the intervetrebral disc do?
absorbs shock, allows spine to flee and extend
90
What are the two parts the intervertebral disc is composed of?
nucleus pulposus
annulus fibrosus
91
what is the nucleus pulposus?
Inner gelatinous nucleus of the intervertebral disc
92
what is the function of the nucleus pulposus in the intervertebral disc?
Gives disc elasticity and compressibility
93
What is the annulus fibrosis?
outer collar of intervertebral disc
| made out of collagen and fibrocartilage
94
What is the purpose of annulus fibrosus in the intervertebral disc?
Limits expansion of the nucleus pulposa
95
Which vertebra are the smallest, lightest out of the vertebral column?
Cervical vertebrae C1-C7
96
What are the spinous process of the cervical vertebrae
Bifid
97
Vertebrae c3-c7 share what features?
Oval body
bifid
large triangular vertebral foramen
transverse foramen in each transverse process
98
What vertebra is C7
Vertebra prominens
99
What are features of thoracic vertebrae?
- All attach with ribs
- Long spinous processes that point inferiorly
- circular vertebral foramen
100
how does the articular facet help the thoracic area of the spine?
It allows for rotation
101
How do the thoracic vertebra attach with ribs?
at facets and demifacets
102
Which vertebrae relieves the most stress?
Lumbar vertebrae
103
What shape are the vertebral foramen of the lumbar vertebrae
triangular
104
How do the orientation of the articular facets aid the lumbar vertebrae?
It prevents rotation by locking lumbar vertebrae
105
What are the spinous processes like in lumbar vertebrae?
Flat, hatchet-shaped pointing posteriorly
106
What is the coccyx and sacrum made up of?
5 fused vertebrae
107
How does the sacrum attach?
Auricular surfaces of hip bones forming sacroiliac joints
108
what does the posterior midline of the sacrum form?
Median sacral crest
109
What does the sacrum form on the pelvis?
The posterior wall
110
What is the coccyx made of
3-5 fused vertebrae
| tailbone
111
How does the coccyx articulate with the sacrum?
Superiorly
112
What do the normal curvatures in the vertebral column do?
They increase resilience and flexibility of spine
113
How are cervical and lumbar curvatures concave?
Posteriorly
114
Thoracic and sacral curvatures are
Convex posteriorly
115
What are conditions caused by abnormal spine curvatures
Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis
116
What is scoliosis
abnormal lateral curve in the spine
117
What is kyphosis
Hunchback, exaggerated thoracic curvature
118
What is lordosis
Swayback, accentuated lumbar curvature
119
What is the purpose of the pectoral girdle
To provide attachment sites for muscles that move upper limbs
120
What are the two parts of the pectoral girdle
clavicle and scapulae
121
What is the bony pelvis formed by
coxal bones
122
What is the purpose of the pelvic girdle
To transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs and support pelvic organs
123
Joints can be classified based on what two categories?
Function(amount of movement) and structure
124
What are the three types of structural joints
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
125
What are the three types of functional joints?
Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses
126
Fibrous joints include
Sutures (between skull bones)
Syndesmoses(interosseous membrane)
Gomphoses (teeth)
127
The two types of cartilaginous joints are
Synchrondroses
(between ribs)
Symphyses
(between vertebra)
128
Bursae
Sacs lined with synovial membrane
| that reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
129
Tendon sheaths
Elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to friction
130
What are the three stabilizing factors at synovial joints
Shapes of articular surfaces
Ligament number and location
Muscle tendons that cross joint
131
Which stabilizing factor is most important for synovial joints
Muscle tendons that cross joint
132
What does muscle do for the tendon?
Keeps tendons taut. Reinforces shoulder, knee joints, and arches of the foot
133
Plane
non axial gliding
134
hinge
uniaxial flexion/tension
135
condylar
biaxial flexion/extension
| adduction/abduction
136
saddle
biaxial flexion/extension
| adduction/abduction
137
The thumbs are examples of what joints
saddle joints
138
Condylar synovial joints include
knuckles/wrist
139
Pivot joints include
proximal radioulnar joints
140
Some examples of hinge joints include
elbows, interphalangeal joints
141
Some examples of plane synovial joints include
intercarpals, intertarsals, and between vertebraw
142
Supination and pronation affects which bones?
Radius and ulna
