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BIOL347 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy > Lecture Exam 2 vocab > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2 vocab Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

Scaling

A

the structural and functional consequences of a change in size and scale

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2
Q

biomechanics

A

study of the mechanical laws relating to the movement or structure of living organisms

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3
Q

loading

A

the resistance of a structure to a force

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4
Q

compression

A

when a physical force presses inward on an object, causing it to become compacted

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5
Q

tension

A

when a physical force pulls outward on an object, causing it to become stretched

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6
Q

Shear

A

produced when a pair of parallel, equal forces act in opposite directions along two faces of an object

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7
Q

torsion

A

the twisting of an object due to an applied torque

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8
Q

trabeculae

A

a small beam, strut or rod within skeletal structures like bone that reinforce internal structure

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9
Q

cortical bone

A

the strong and compound type of bone found on the outer layer of the long bones

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10
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

bones will adapt based on the stress or demand placed on them

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11
Q

stress

A

a measure of the internal forces acting within an object when an external force is applied

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12
Q

strain

A

the deformation of a material from stress

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13
Q

Rheology

A

study of flow of matter, the measurement of materials under deformation

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14
Q

elasticity

A

ability of a deformed material body to return to its original shape and size when the forces causing the deformation are removed

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15
Q

plasticity

A

the ability of a solid material to undergo permanent deformation

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16
Q

strength

A

ability of a a material to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation

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17
Q

yield point

A

load at which a solid material that is being stretched begins to change shape permanently

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18
Q

fracture/rupture/failure

A

crack formation in hard material, breakage in soft material, outright catastrophic damage to a material

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19
Q

Young’s Modulus

A

the ratio of stress to strain, a material property that tells us how easily the material can stretch or deform

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20
Q

Isotropy

A

the material property of being directionally independent, meaning material properties are uniform in all directions

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21
Q

Anisotropy

A

the material property of being directionally heterogenous, meaning material properties differ dependent on orientation

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22
Q

fibroblasts

A

cells which synthesize the extracellular matrix and collagen

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23
Q

salivary glands

A

produce saliva, which aids in swallowing and digestion

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24
Q

Pharynx

A

muscular tube in the neck, connecting the mouth to the esophagus

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25
esophagus
elongated organ of the digestive system which connects the pharynx to the stomach
26
gizzard
muscular subsection of the stomach that grinds food with the aid of ingested grit
27
crop
an expansible pouch of the esophagus that stores food in birds
28
cellulase
enzyme that catalyzes cellulose, the robust material comprising plant cell walls
29
pepsin
chief stomach enzyme that breaks proteins into smaller peptides
30
chewing the cud
when ungulates regurgitate partially digested plant material, chew it, and swallow it again
31
lithophagy
habit of swallowing rocks or grit in animals; can either aid in food breakdown or mitigate buoyancy
32
microvilli
microscopic cellular protrusions into the lumen of the intestine which increase the absorptive surface area of the digestive tract
33
lipase
enzyme comprising bile which lyses fats
34
amylase
enzyme comprising pancreatic and salivary compounds which lyses starches into sugars
35
intestinal caeca
pouches of the intestinal tract which allow for additional time to breakdown foods
36
spiral valve
the spiral arranged inner folds of the large intestine in chondrichthyans and other fishes
37
rectal glands
water-retention glands in the lower gut tract of sharks and rays
38
coprophagy
the act of consuming feces in some animals; used to process digested food to extract more nutrients
39
mastication
chewing in mammals, requiring precise occlusion and neuromechanical feedback
40
precise occlusion
the accurate means by which mammal teeth interdigitate briefly during jaw movements; useful for shearing small food particles apart
41
pharyngeal jaws
secondary set of jaws found in the throats of some fishes
42
lingual feeding
feeding using a sticky and/or ballistic tongue
43
pterygoid walk
means by which snakes swallow large prey by sequential and independent ratcheting of the two halves of the jaw
44
durophagy
crushing hard or hard-shelled prey
45
nectarivory
feeding on nectar
46
sanguinivory
feeding on blood
47
edentulous
lacking teeth
48
diastema
a gam in between tooth rows in animals like horses
49
lophs
enamel ridges connecting cusps in mammal molar teeth
50
browsers
mammals which feed opportunistically on fruits, seeds, and other plant materials
51
grazers
mammals which feed almost exclusively on coarse, abrasive grasses and sedges
52
Aspondylous
vertebrae lacking ossified centra
53
acoelous
vertebrae in mammals, where centra ends are flat and separated by intervertebral discs
54
amphicoelus
vertebrae that are concave on either end
55
procoelous
vertebrae that are concave on their posterior side, convex on their anterior side
56
opisthocoelous
vertebrae that are concave on their anterior side, convex on their posterior side
57
heterocoelus
vertebrae with saddle-shaped joints, allowing for more degrees of freedom for motion
58
arcualia
cartilaginous precursors of neural arches and spines
59
myosepta
sheets of connective tissue that partition successive blocks of segmental body musculature (Myomeres)
60
gastralia
abdominal ribs of archosaurs used in support and ventilation
61
plastron
abdominal covering in turtles
62
tribasic fin
fin structure in which there are three basal pterygiophores; found in bony fishes
63
monobasic fin
fin structure in which there is one basal pterygiophore; found in sarcopterygians
64
chiridium
muscular hind and forelimbs with complete set of digits
65
autopodium
distal chiridium element composed of feet (pes) or hands (manus)
66
zeugopodium
medial chiridium element composed of forearm or shank
67
stylopodium
proximal chiridium element composed of upper arm or thigh
68
suspensorium
a composite skeletal structure of the hyomandibula, pterygoids, and other bones that translates motion between the jaws, neurocranium, and opercular bones
69
hypodermis
innermost or subcutaneous layer of the skin
70
dermatome
inner part of the dermomyotome, mesodermal tissue that forms the connective tissue component of the dermis
71
cosmoid
scales consisting of two inner bony layers and an outer layer of cosmine (dentine)
72
ganoid
scales consisting of an outer enamel layer and inner layer of bone
73
stratum corneum
epidermal layer producing keratin and other cornified structures
74
osteoderms
bony plates in skin
75
rachis
central rod supporting the feather
76
calamus
hollow lower part of the shaft of a feather, which lacks barbs
77
vane
feathered region of a feather
78
ecdysis
molting
79
horns
cranial projections consisting of a keratin rind covering a bony core
80
antlers
temporary, bony cranial projections
81

BIOL347 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (11 decks)

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