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BIOL347 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy > Lecture Exam 2 vocab > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Scaling

A

the structural and functional consequences of a change in size and scale

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2
Q

biomechanics

A

study of the mechanical laws relating to the movement or structure of living organisms

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3
Q

loading

A

the resistance of a structure to a force

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4
Q

compression

A

when a physical force presses inward on an object, causing it to become compacted

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5
Q

tension

A

when a physical force pulls outward on an object, causing it to become stretched

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6
Q

Shear

A

produced when a pair of parallel, equal forces act in opposite directions along two faces of an object

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7
Q

torsion

A

the twisting of an object due to an applied torque

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8
Q

trabeculae

A

a small beam, strut or rod within skeletal structures like bone that reinforce internal structure

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9
Q

cortical bone

A

the strong and compound type of bone found on the outer layer of the long bones

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10
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

bones will adapt based on the stress or demand placed on them

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11
Q

stress

A

a measure of the internal forces acting within an object when an external force is applied

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12
Q

strain

A

the deformation of a material from stress

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13
Q

Rheology

A

study of flow of matter, the measurement of materials under deformation

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14
Q

elasticity

A

ability of a deformed material body to return to its original shape and size when the forces causing the deformation are removed

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15
Q

plasticity

A

the ability of a solid material to undergo permanent deformation

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16
Q

strength

A

ability of a a material to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation

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17
Q

yield point

A

load at which a solid material that is being stretched begins to change shape permanently

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18
Q

fracture/rupture/failure

A

crack formation in hard material, breakage in soft material, outright catastrophic damage to a material

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19
Q

Young’s Modulus

A

the ratio of stress to strain, a material property that tells us how easily the material can stretch or deform

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20
Q

Isotropy

A

the material property of being directionally independent, meaning material properties are uniform in all directions

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21
Q

Anisotropy

A

the material property of being directionally heterogenous, meaning material properties differ dependent on orientation

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22
Q

fibroblasts

A

cells which synthesize the extracellular matrix and collagen

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23
Q

salivary glands

A

produce saliva, which aids in swallowing and digestion

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24
Q

Pharynx

A

muscular tube in the neck, connecting the mouth to the esophagus

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25
Q

esophagus

A

elongated organ of the digestive system which connects the pharynx to the stomach

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26
Q

gizzard

A

muscular subsection of the stomach that grinds food with the aid of ingested grit

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27
Q

crop

A

an expansible pouch of the esophagus that stores food in birds

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28
Q

cellulase

A

enzyme that catalyzes cellulose, the robust material comprising plant cell walls

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29
Q

pepsin

A

chief stomach enzyme that breaks proteins into smaller peptides

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30
Q

chewing the cud

A

when ungulates regurgitate partially digested plant material, chew it, and swallow it again

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31
Q

lithophagy

A

habit of swallowing rocks or grit in animals; can either aid in food breakdown or mitigate buoyancy

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32
Q

microvilli

A

microscopic cellular protrusions into the lumen of the intestine which increase the absorptive surface area of the digestive tract

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33
Q

lipase

A

enzyme comprising bile which lyses fats

34
Q

amylase

A

enzyme comprising pancreatic and salivary compounds which lyses starches into sugars

35
Q

intestinal caeca

A

pouches of the intestinal tract which allow for additional time to breakdown foods

36
Q

spiral valve

A

the spiral arranged inner folds of the large intestine in chondrichthyans and other fishes

37
Q

rectal glands

A

water-retention glands in the lower gut tract of sharks and rays

38
Q

coprophagy

A

the act of consuming feces in some animals; used to process digested food to extract more nutrients

39
Q

mastication

A

chewing in mammals, requiring precise occlusion and neuromechanical feedback

40
Q

precise occlusion

A

the accurate means by which mammal teeth interdigitate briefly during jaw movements; useful for shearing small food particles apart

41
Q

pharyngeal jaws

A

secondary set of jaws found in the throats of some fishes

42
Q

lingual feeding

A

feeding using a sticky and/or ballistic tongue

43
Q

pterygoid walk

A

means by which snakes swallow large prey by sequential and independent ratcheting of the two halves of the jaw

44
Q

durophagy

A

crushing hard or hard-shelled prey

45
Q

nectarivory

A

feeding on nectar

46
Q

sanguinivory

A

feeding on blood

47
Q

edentulous

A

lacking teeth

48
Q

diastema

A

a gam in between tooth rows in animals like horses

49
Q

lophs

A

enamel ridges connecting cusps in mammal molar teeth

50
Q

browsers

A

mammals which feed opportunistically on fruits, seeds, and other plant materials

51
Q

grazers

A

mammals which feed almost exclusively on coarse, abrasive grasses and sedges

52
Q

Aspondylous

A

vertebrae lacking ossified centra

53
Q

acoelous

A

vertebrae in mammals, where centra ends are flat and separated by intervertebral discs

54
Q

amphicoelus

A

vertebrae that are concave on either end

55
Q

procoelous

A

vertebrae that are concave on their posterior side, convex on their anterior side

56
Q

opisthocoelous

A

vertebrae that are concave on their anterior side, convex on their posterior side

57
Q

heterocoelus

A

vertebrae with saddle-shaped joints, allowing for more degrees of freedom for motion

58
Q

arcualia

A

cartilaginous precursors of neural arches and spines

59
Q

myosepta

A

sheets of connective tissue that partition successive blocks of segmental body musculature (Myomeres)

60
Q

gastralia

A

abdominal ribs of archosaurs used in support and ventilation

61
Q

plastron

A

abdominal covering in turtles

62
Q

tribasic fin

A

fin structure in which there are three basal pterygiophores; found in bony fishes

63
Q

monobasic fin

A

fin structure in which there is one basal pterygiophore; found in sarcopterygians

64
Q

chiridium

A

muscular hind and forelimbs with complete set of digits

65
Q

autopodium

A

distal chiridium element composed of feet (pes) or hands (manus)

66
Q

zeugopodium

A

medial chiridium element composed of forearm or shank

67
Q

stylopodium

A

proximal chiridium element composed of upper arm or thigh

68
Q

suspensorium

A

a composite skeletal structure of the hyomandibula, pterygoids, and other bones that translates motion between the jaws, neurocranium, and opercular bones

69
Q

hypodermis

A

innermost or subcutaneous layer of the skin

70
Q

dermatome

A

inner part of the dermomyotome, mesodermal tissue that forms the connective tissue component of the dermis

71
Q

cosmoid

A

scales consisting of two inner bony layers and an outer layer of cosmine (dentine)

72
Q

ganoid

A

scales consisting of an outer enamel layer and inner layer of bone

73
Q

stratum corneum

A

epidermal layer producing keratin and other cornified structures

74
Q

osteoderms

A

bony plates in skin

75
Q

rachis

A

central rod supporting the feather

76
Q

calamus

A

hollow lower part of the shaft of a feather, which lacks barbs

77
Q

vane

A

feathered region of a feather

78
Q

ecdysis

A

molting

79
Q

horns

A

cranial projections consisting of a keratin rind covering a bony core

80
Q

antlers

A

temporary, bony cranial projections

81
Q
A

BIOL347 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (11 decks)

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