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BIOL347 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy > Lab Exam 1a > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1a Flashcards

(155 cards)

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1
Q

Deuterostomata

A

Includes Echinodermata (sea stars) and all more derived; syn: radial cleavage, 3 germ layers, enterocoely

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2
Q

Ambulacraria

A

Hemichordata (acorn worms) and Echinodermata (sea stars); syn: pharyngeal slits and dorsal hollow nerve cord in larvae

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3
Q

Chordata

A

Includes Cephalochordata (lancelets) and all more derived; syn: notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, post-anal tail, pharyngeal slits, endostyle

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4
Q

Olfactores

A

Includes Urochordata (tunicates) and all more derived; syn: striated heart muscles, migratory neural crest cells, possibly myomeres

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5
Q

Vertebrata

A

Includes Myxiniformes (hagfish) and all more derived; syn: braincase, neural crest, hemoglobin, heart, neurogenic placodes, respiratory gills, muscular gut tube, tripartite brain,

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6
Q

More derived Vertebrata

A

Anaspida and Heterostraci; syn: vertebrae, radial fin muscles, 2+ semicircular canals, dermal bone

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7
Q

Cyclostomi

A

Petromyzontifores (lampreys) and Myxiniformes (hagfish); syn: vestigial vertebrae/arcualia in lampreys, well-developed medial fins, lingual cartilage, keratinized tooth-like structures

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8
Q

Petromyzontifores

A

lampreys; syn: well-developed eyes and fins, hyperosmotic, ammocoete larvae

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9
Q

Myxiniformes

A

hagfish; syn: hermaphroditic, isosmotic, loss of traits

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10
Q

Gnathostomata and Osteostraci

A

syn: cellular bone, heterocercal tail, paired muscular fins

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11
Q

Gnathostomata

A

Includes “Placodermi” and all more derived; syn: jaws, 3 semicircular canals

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12
Q

Eugnathostomata

A

(Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) and Acanthodii) and Osteichthyes (bony fish); syn: 6-7 intrinsic eye muscles, continuous tooth replacement, true upper jaw, hyostylic and derived jaw suspension

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13
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Includes sharks, rays, and chimaeras; ap: ceratotrichia, placoid scales, internal fertilization

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14
Q

Osteichthyes

A

Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) and Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish); syn: lungs, lepidotrichia, bony endoskeleton, operculum, dorsal divided paired nares

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15
Q

Actinopterygii

A

(Neopterygii and Chondrostei (sturgeon and paddlefish)) and Cladistia; syn: ganoid scales, branchiostegal rays

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16
Q

Neopterygii

A

Teleostei and Holostei (gar and bowfin/Amia); syn: loss of spiracle, swim bladder replaces lungs

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17
Q

Teleostei

A

96% of fish; ap: cycloid and ctenoid scales, homocercal tail/caudal fin, mobile jaws

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18
Q

Sarcopterygii

A

Includes Actinistia (coelocanths) and all more derived; syn: muscular lobed fins, cosmoid scales, internal nares (choanae)

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19
Q

Actinistia

A

2 species of coelocanth; syn: intracranial joint, rostral organ, hyostylic jaw suspension, fatty lung

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20
Q

Rhipidistia

A

Includes Dipnoi (lungfish) and all more derived; syn: ventral lungs, labyrinthine teeth

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21
Q

Dipnoi

A

Syn: fusion of dorsal, caudal, and anal fins, tooth fusion, autostylic jaw suspension

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22
Q

Tetrapoda

A

Includes Acanthostegidae, Ichthyostegidae, and all more derived; syn: 4 dactylous limbs

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23
Q

Acanthostegidae

A

syn: enlarged notochord, loss of dorsal scales

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24
Q

Ichthyostegidae

A

syn: robust pelvic and shoulder girdles, fused vertebrae, ribs

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25
Neotetrapoda
Includes Amphibia and all more derived; syn: pentadactyly
26
Amphibia
Includes Lissamphibia and extinct amphibians; syn: less than or equal to four digits
27
Lissamphibia
Gymnophiona (caecilians) and Batrachia; syn: short, straight ribs that don't encircle body, unossified wrist and ankle bones, amphibian papilla
28
Batrachia
Anura (frogs and toads) and Caudata (salamanders and newts); syn: opercular apparatus, loss of scales
29
Gymnophiona
ap: tentacle-like sensory organ
30
Anura
ap: specialized for saltation, vocalization
31
Caudata
syn: posterior origin of adductor mandibulae externus
32
Reptilomorpha
Includes Amniota and all more derived; syn: 23454 phalangeal formula
33
Amniota
Sauropsida and Synapsida; syn: amnion, astragalus ankle bone, 2+ sacral vertebrae
34
Sauropsida
Testudines (turtles and tortoises) and Diapsida; syn: feet rotated under body
35
Testudines
syn: carapace and plastron
36
Diapsida
Lepidosauria and Archosauromorphs; syn: diapsid skulls
37
Lepidosauria
Sphenodons (tuatara) and Squamata; syn: transverse cloacal slit, thin rodlike columella
38
Squamata
Includes lizards and snakes; syn: hemipenes
39
Archosauromorphs
Includes Crocodilians and Dinosaurs (includes Aves/birds); syn: thecodont dentition
40
Synapsida
Includes Mammalia and all more derived; syn: synapsid skulls
41
Mammalia
Monotremata and Theria; syn: dentary-squamosal jaw joint, 3 inner ear bones, precise dental occlusion
42
Monotremata
Platypus and Echidna; ap: reversed triangular pattern of occlusion
43
Theria
Metatheria (marsupials) and Theria (placentals); syn: tribosphenic molars, viviparity
44
Metatheria
syn: in-turned angular process on dentary, marsupium
45
Eutheria
syn: placenta
46
Basement membrane
thin, noncellular region separating epithelium from underlying connective tissue
47
Simple epithelium
single layer of cells
48
Stratified epithelium
numerous cell layers
49
Pseudostratified epithelium
single layer of cells attached to a basement membrane, but not all cells reach the surface
50
Squamous epithelium
epithelium with flat surface cells
51
Cuboidal cells
cells are round or as tall as they are wide
52
Columnar cells
cells are taller than they are wide
53
Cilia
motile structures on cells in the uterine tubes, uterus, and conducting tubes of the respiratory system
54
Microvilli
small, nonmotile projections that cover all absorptive cells in the small intestine and proximal convoluted tubules in kidney
55
Stereocilia
long, nonmotile, branched microvilli that cover the cells in the epididymis and vas deferens
56
Mesothelium
simple squamous epithelium that covers the external surfaces of the digestive organs, lungs, and heart
57
Endothelium
simple squamous epithelium that covers the lumina of the heart chambers, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
58
Simple cuboidal epithelium
lines small excretory ducts
59
Simple columnar epithelium
covers digestive organs
60
Pseudostratified columnar eptihelium
lines respiratory passages and lumina of epididymis and vas deferencs
61
Nonkeratinized epithelium
exhibits live surface cells and covers moist cavities
62
Keratinized epithelium
exhibits nonliving keratinized surface cells and covers external body surfaces
63
Stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelium
line larger excretory ducts in pancreas, salivary, amd sweat glands
64
Transitional epithelium
lines urinary system; changes shape to resemble stratified squamous or cuboidal epithelium depending on contraction
65
Goblet cells
mucus-secreting, unicellular glands found in the epithelia of the intestines and respiratory passages
66
Secretory portion
end piece of gland where epithelial cells secrete a product
67
Ductal portion
epithelium-lined portion of gland through which secretions travel from secretory portion to exterior of gland
68
Simple exocrine gland
exhibits an unbranched duct
69
Tubular gland
terminal secretory portion is tube-shaped
70
Compound exocrine gland
shows repeated branching of ducts
71
Acinar (alveolar) glands
secretory portions of the gland are flask-shaped
72
Tubuloacinar glands
glands that exhibit both tubular and acinar secretory portions
73
Mucous glands
glands that contain cells that produce a viscous secretion that lubricates or protects the inner lining of the organs
74
Serous glands
glands with cells that produce watery secretions rich in enzymes
75
Mixed glands
glands that contain a mixture of both mucous and serous secretory cells
76
Merocrine glands
glands that release their secretion by exocytosis without any loss of cellular components
77
Holocrine glands
cells are the secretory product
78
Exocrine glands
glands that secrete products into ducts
79
Endocrine glands
glands that secrete products into bloodstream
80
Loose connective tissue
characterized by loose, irregular arrangement of connective fibers and abundant ground substance
81
Dense connective tissue
contains thicker and more densely packed collagen fibers with fewer cell types and less ground substance
82
Dense irregular connective tissue
collagen fibers exhibit random and irregular orientation
83
Dense regular connective tissue
contains densely packed collagen fibers that exhibit regular parallel arrangement
84
Fibroblasts
active cells that synthesize connective tissue fibers and extracellular ground substance
85
Fibrocytes
inactive or resting fibroblasts
86
Adipose cells
store fat
87
Macrophages/histiocytes
phagocytic cells located in loose connective tissue
88
Mast cells
spherical cells filled with basophilic granules
89
Plasma cells
arise from lymphocytes that migrate into the connective tissue
90
Leukocytes
white blood cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils; defend organism against bacteria and foreign matter
91
Collagen fibers
tough, thick, fibrous proteins that do not branch; most abundant fibers
92
Type I collagen fibers
found in dermis of skin, tendons, ligaments, and bone; very strong and resistant to tensile stress
93
Type II collagen fibers
present in hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage; provide resistance to pressure
94
Type III collagen fibers
thin, branching reticular fibers that form supporting meshwork in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow
95
Type IV collagen fibers
Present in basal lamina of basement membrane where cells attach
96
Reticular fibers
mainly Type III collagen
97
Elastic fibers
thin, branching fibers that allow stretch; composed of microfibrils and elastin
98
Hyaline cartilage
most common type of cartilage; serves as model for bones
99
Elastic cartilage
similar in appearance to hyaline cartilage except for branching elastic fibers; highly flexible
100
Fibrocartilage
characterized by large amounts of irregular and dense bundles of course collagen fibers; consists of alternating layers of cartilage and layers of type I collagen fibers
101
Perichondrium
peripheral layer of vascularized, dense, irregular connective tissue surrounding most hyaline and elastic cartilage
102
Chondroblasts
produce and maintain cartilage matrix
103
Chondrocytes
inactive chondroblasts
104
Hemopoiesis
blood cell formation
105
Endochondral ossification
temporary hyaline cartilage model calcifies
106
Periosteum
external connective tissue surrounding bone
107
Osteoblasts
synthesize bone
108
Osteocytes
osteoblasts that become surrounded by lacunae
109
Canalculi
canals in bone that eventually house blood vessels
110
Endosteum
inner surface of bone
111
Diaphysis
shaft of long bone
112
Epiphysis
articular surface of the expanded end of bone
113
Intramembranous ossification
bone develops from connective tissue mesenchyme
114
Trabeculae
thin rods, plates, and spines that form spongy bone
115
Cancellous bone
spongy bone
116
Lamellae
layers of bone
117
Osteon
concentric lamellae surrounding a blood vessel, nerve, or other loose connective tissue
118
Dentition
array of teeth in the jaw
119
Homodont
similar tooth shape throughout mouth
120
Polyphyodont
teeth are continually replaced
121
Acrodont
teeth are attached to top of jaw
122
Pleurodont
teeth are attached to lingual side of jaw by ligaments
123
Heterodont
different tooth shapes throughout mouth
124
Thecodont
teeth are set in sockets
125
Diphyodont
2 sets of teeth; usually milk and adult teeth
126
Monophyodont
only a single set of teeth
127
Canines
conical teeth used for seizing/piercing prey, display, and fighting
128
Premolars
originally used for puncturing
129
Molars
originally used for crushing
130
Tribosphenic molars
unique to mammals; form a mortar and pestle mechanism
131
Carnassals
In carnivores; upper 4th premolars and lower 1st molars; linearly aligned; designed to shear flesh
132
Omnivore/Herbivore molars
used to pulverize plants
133
Hypsodont molars
High-crowned; cementum covers crown
134
Brachyodont molars
Low-crowned
135
Bunodont molars
brachyodont molars with rounded cusps specialized for crushing
136
Selenodont molars
hypsodont molars with elongated, independent cusps
137
Lophodont molars
hypsodont molars with cusps that blend together to form lophs
138
Chondrichthyan dentition
homodont, polyphyodont, acrodont
139
Amphibian dentition
homodont, polyphyodont, pleurodont
140
Neopterygian fish dentition
homodont, polyphyodont, pleurodont or acrodont; may be distributed throughout mouth and throat
141
Squamate dentition
acrodont or pleurodont, polyphyodont, homodont or heterodont
142
Archosaur dentition
Thecodont, polyphyodont, homodont or heterodont
143
Mammal dentition
diphyodont or monophyodont, homodont or heterodont, thecodont
144
Lepidotrichia
bony fin rays composed of small tube-shaped segments
145
Ceratotrichia
fin rays composed of large bundles of collagen
146
Branchiostegal rays
bony rays near gills that aid in buccal pumping
147
Apomorphy
Trait not shared by neighboring taxa
148
Synapomorphy
trait shared by sister taxa; likely from common ancestor
149
Stapes
Inner ear bone homologous to columella
150
Malleus
Inner ear bone homologous to articular
151
Incus
Inner ear bone homologous to quadrate
152
7 types of blood cells
erythrocytes, platelets, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
153
5 types of white blood cells
lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
154
Types of granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
155

BIOL347 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (11 decks)

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