Lecture Exam 3 Blue Boxes

Question 1

The GI tract develops from what germ layer

Answer 1

endoderm

Question 2

Foregut pain is felt where?

Answer 2

epigastrium

Question 3

Midgut pain is felt where?

Answer 3

periumbilical region

Question 4

Hindgut pain is felt where?

Answer 4

suprapubic region

Question 5

Where is pain felt when caused by acute appendicitis?

Answer 5

First in periumbilical region, then later in right iliac fossa

Question 6

What is Hirschsprung’s Disease?

Answer 6

failure of migration of ganglion cells usually in rectum and distal colon. No ganglion means no peristalsis so sever constipation and dilation of bowel.

Question 7

What is Barrett’s Esophagus?

Answer 7

reflux damages epithelium of esophagus. Epithelium undergoes metaplasia and risk of adenocarcinoma

Question 8

Difference between gastric erosion and an ulcer

Answer 8

Erosion: loss of part of thickness of mucosa

Ulcer: complete loss of mucosa, may extend into proximal duodenum

Question 9

What is hepatic cirrhosis and what causes it?

Answer 9

• repeated damage/fibrosis of liver cells causes degreased function and portal HTN
• alcohol abuse, hepatitis, autoimmune disease, genetic Fe and Cu storage disease (rare)

Question 10

What is extramedullary hematopoiesis?

Answer 10

When bone marrow loses hemopoiesis function so liver and spleen take over function and can become enlarged

Question 11

What is cholelithiasis?

Answer 11

Gall Stones

-abnormal concentration of bile can block ducts which would cause jaundice and can cause pain (cholecystitis)

Question 12

What is Acute Pancreatitis

Answer 12

damage to pancreatic acinar cells which causes a release of pancreatic enzymes into the surrounding tissue. life threatening

Question 13

Renal Failure

Answer 13

• various reasons (acute or chronic)
• fatal unless renal replacement therapy
• dialysis or transplant

Question 14

Symptoms and cause of diabetic renal disease

Answer 14

Symptoms: proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome
Cause: thickening of the mesangial membrane and increase in mesangial matrix caused by elevated TGF-beta from high glucose (diabetic glomerulosclerosis)

Question 15

What are pituitary adenomas?

Answer 15

tumor that overproduces hormones (can be fatal)

Question 16

Cushing’s disease

Answer 16

Excess production of corticosteroids by adrenal glands. Often caused by tumor of corticotrophs that overproduces ACTH

Question 17

What happens if a pituitary adenoma produces no hormones but is allowed to keep growing?

Answer 17

Compress/damage optic chiasma and nerves (vision problems)

Question 18

What is Graves disease?

Answer 18

Pt creates LATS (long-acting thyroid stimulators) that stim thyroid to secrete excess hormones. (large thyroid with little stored colloid)

Question 19

What hormone controls the release of thyroid hormone?

Answer 19

TSH secreted by the anterior pituitary

Question 20

Explain hyperparathyroidism

Answer 20

excess parathyroid hormone released (due to tumor or not responding to negative feedback loops). Excess bone erosion by oscteoclasts leads to hypercalcemia and osteoporosis.

Question 21

Explain hypoparathyroidism

Answer 21

Underproduction of parathormone. Rare, usually caused by surgical damage during thyroidectomy

Question 22

Explain Addison’s disease

Answer 22

hypoadrenalism: weakness, postural hypotension, low blood Na, hypovolemia

Question 23

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

Answer 23

Hyperadrenalism: excess cortical hormones increases metabolism

Question 24

What is Conn’s Syndrome

Answer 24

excess mineralocorticoids

Question 25

Why are diseases from excessive secretion of 1 pancreatic islet hormone rare?

Answer 25

Other islet secretions can keep it in balance

Question 26

What is Small Cell (Oat Cell) Carcinoma

Answer 26

- most frequent neuroendocrine tumor - malignant tumor of neuroendocrine cells in bronchial tree - metastasizes rapidly - secretes ACTH and causes uncontrolled secretion of adrenal cortex hormones

Question 27

What are carcinoid tumors?

Answer 27

- tumor usually in small intestine and appendix - secretes 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) - malignant and can spread to secondary sites where its secretions can enter blood and have metabolic effects

Question 28

What oral tissue is most commonly affected by squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer 28

unpigmented vermillion borders of the lips

Question 29

Damage to what part of the periodontia leads to migration deeper into the alveolus?

Answer 29

Damage to the gingival attachment. (Sharpey’s fibers?)