Exam 3 Lecture Test Flashcards
(189 cards)
1
Q
What are Paneth cells?
A
-at base of crypts and produce defensins and other antibacterial enzymes
2
Q
What cells in the epithelium are used for Ag sampling?
A
-“M” microfold cells
3
Q
Another name for cells of the transitional epithelium of the urinary tract.
A
Umbrella cells (highly distensible)
4
Q
Epithelial cells of the collecting ducts are _______ to water.
A
impermeable
5
Q
3 cells of Islets of Langerhans
A
alpha (15-20%), beta (70%), gamma (5-10%)
6
Q
Angiotensin II raises BP in three ways. What are they?
A
- Vasoconstriction
- Release of aldosterone (resorb Na and H2O in DCT)
- ADH secretion from posterior pituitary (resorb H2O from collecting tubule)
7
Q
Bile flow is the _________ as/of blood flow.
A
opposite
8
Q
Function of striated ducts?
A
-resorb Na, secrete K, lysozyme and IgA into saliva
9
Q
This kind of hormone has another endocrine gland as its target.
A
Trophic hormones: TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH (thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, gonads)
10
Q
Where is the MALT located in the small intestine?
A
-lamina propria and submucosa
11
Q
Left and right sides of thyroid connected by a _______
A
narrow isthmus
12
Q
Enamel comes from what germ layer?
A
-ectoderm
13
Q
What does the zona reticularis secrete?
A
small amounts of glucocorticoids and androgens
14
Q
Name of special phagocytes (macrophages?) associated with sinusoids and space of disse.
A
Kupffer cells
15
Q
This kind of hormone has a non-endocrine target organ
A
direct acting hormones (GH, ADH, MSH, oxytocin, prolactin)
16
Q
What is corpora arenacea?
A
calcified accretions fo Ca and Mg in pineal gland (brain sand)
17
Q
What portion of the stratified squamos epithelium of tongue is keratinized?
A
-Anterior 2/3
18
Q
Explain the cortico-medullary interstitial gradient. What part of the Loop of Henle is it located?
A
Na is resorbed into the ECS in medulla to create high extracellular gradient that forms a countercurrent exchange multiplier system that pulls more water out of the collecting duct to further concentrate urine (hypotonic urine). This Na resorption occurs in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle
19
Q
Effect of CCK on pancreas (I cells)
A
stimulates acinar cells to secrete zymogens
20
Q
Failure to absorb bilirubin or conjugate it to glucuronide causes what condition?
A
Jaundice
21
Q
What is pancreatitis
A
autodigestion of pancreas brought on by alcoholism
22
Q
What is Addison’s disease?
A
(hypoandrenocorticism) failure of adrenal cortex to produce hormone. (usually caused by autoimmune disease)
23
Q
Renal artery enters the kidney then turns into the ____ artery then the ______ artery then the _____ arterioles to glomeruli.
A
- interlobar
- arcuate
- affarent arterioles
24
Q
Type of nephrons adjacent to medulla
A
juxtamedullary
25
Pigment found in many aging hepatocytes.
Lipofuscin
26
Another name for plica circulares?
-valves of Kerkring, *submucosal core*
27
The pituitary gland lies beneath the third ventricle in the ___________.
Sella turcica
28
What kind of epithelium lines ureters?
transitional (star shaped lumen)
29
Hepatic sinusoids are lined with what kind of endothelium?
Discontinuous endothelium (sinusoidal lining cells)
30
An ADH insufficiency leads to what?
High volume/dilute (hypotonic) urine.
31
Pinealocytes and neuroglial cells make up the pineal galnd. Which one secretes melatonin and which secretes serotonin?
Both secreted by the pinealocytes.
32
The terminal portion of the nephron forms collecting ducts which converge at the _________.
Renal papilla
33
Where is the endocrine pancreatic tissue located?
Islets of Langerhans
34
Why does the resorption of Na and secretion of H require two cells? Why can't it be done with one?
The two separate cells allows for finer titration of H+ and K+ ions which is important for acid/base balancing.
35
Contents of saliva
-water, glycoproteins, proteins, enzymes, antibodies (IgA), inorganic acids, ions
36
What glands are in the submucosa of the duodenum?
-Brunner’s Glands: secrete mucus and zymogens
37
The parathyroid gland secretes what?
PTH which is antagonistic to calcintonin
38
What is the purpose of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?
regulate systemic blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
39
Type of cells that make up the Bowman's capsule
squamous epithelial (resting on basement membrane)
40
How to ACE inhibitors work?
prevent conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin I by blocking action of ACE
41
Where are the stem cells in gastric glands?
-the neck
42
How much gastric juice is secreted by faveolae each day?
-about 2 liters per day
43
What are the three components of the JGA?
- Macula densa: sensitive to changes in Na in filtrate
- Juxtaglomerular cells: Sm Mm in wall of afferent arteriole that produce renin in resp to low BP
- Extraglomerular mesangial cells: exact function is unclear, may assist in tubular glomerular feedback
44
Mostly see ______________ in the medulla.
Loop of Henle
45
What is ilithotripsy?
Tx of nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis with ultrasound
46
What are Meissner’s and Auerbach’s plexuses and what is the difference?
-both are PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA of GI tract. Meissner’s within submucosa, Auerbach’s within muscle layers
47
Produced by kidneys to stimulate RBC production
ereythropoietin
48
What are faveolae?
-gastric pits
49
Describe structure of taste buds
-oval shaped, 20-30 taste cells with hairs, covered by glycoprotein and sustentacular and basal cells
50
What do the gamma cells of the pancreas secrete?
somatostatin (inhibits both insulin and glucagon)
51
Two components of a renal corpuscle
Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
52
What is the most numerous lingual papillae?
-Filiform (keratinized bristles)
53
The bit of oral ectoderm that migrates from the brain to form glandular tissue in region of pharynx.
Rathke's pouch
54
Which pars secretes the bulk of anterior pituitary hormones?
pars distalis
55
Forms furrows on LATERAL of tongue. What salivary glands are they associated with?
-Foliate papillae, von Ebner’s glands
56
3 parts of Rathke's Pouch
1. Pars distalis: bulk of anterior pituitary
2. Pars intermedia: secrete MSH and ACTH
3. Pars tuberalis: extension of anterior pituitary (infundibulum)
57
Two secretions of the hypothalamus stored in granules (Herring bodies)
ADH and oxytocin
58
What acini make up each of the three salivary glands?
-Parotid: serous Sublingual: mucous Submandibular: mixed
59
How is the secondary dentition formed?
-enamel organs develop as buds from dental lamina and “deciduous” enamel organ
60
What type of cell covers the outside of the vermillion zone?
-Keratinized epidermis
61
What is talonid, bunodont, and hypsodont?
-talonid: flattened posterior surface, bunodont: low crowned, hypsodont: high crowned
62
The renal cortex contains mainly what two structures?
Renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules
63
Space between the sinusoidal lining cells and hepatocytes
Space of disse
64
What are the four layers of the GI tract?
-mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, adventitia
65
The "Classic Hepatic Lobule" is based on what?
blood flow
66
What structure is at the "corners" of each lobule?
Portal tracts (where blood enters the lobule to percolate through cells)
67
What epithelium makes up striated ducts?
-simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium
68
Adrenaline and noradrenaline are stored in what?
dense core granules
69
What are the two main salivary ducts? What glands are they linked to?
-Stenson’s: parotid Wharton’s: submandibular
70
What does APUD stand for?
Amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation
71
Space between glomerular basement membrane and podocytes.
subpodocyte space
72
The “jaws” start forming at what point of fetal development?
-6 weeks (horseshoe epithelial ridge
73
"The _________ is like the Venice of organs."
Liver
74
Protein that makes up the filtration slits in between podocyte feet
nephrin
75
Exocrine function of the liver
bile synthesis and secretion (1 liter per day)
76
What are parafollicular cells and what do they secrete?
Secondary secretory cells in thyroid gland. Calcitonin
77
What is Waldeyer’s Ring?
-Ring of tonsils with lingual tonsil made up of lymphoid tissue
78
What is cystitis or pyelonephritis?
bacterial/fungal infection of the bladder
79
Main components of cardia
-smooth Mm sphincter and mucus glands
80
What is in dentin tubules?
-Tome’s fibers (cytoplasmic processes of odontoblasts.
81
Majority of pancreas is endocrine or exocrine?
Exocrine
82
What layer of epithelium does the lining mucosa lack? Is it keratinized?
stratum corneum, no
83
4 part of Loop of Henle
- pars recta
- thin descending limb
- thin ascending limb
- thick ascending limb
84
What is the functional unit of the kidney. How many in each kidney?
Nephron. 500k in each (1 million per person)
85
Main components of pylorus
-1’ mucus glands and smooth Mm pyloric sphincter
86
Urethra is lined with what kind of epithelium?
stratified or pseudostratified columnar (with paraurethral mucus glands)
87
Eosinophilic glycoprotein stored in thyroid gland follicles
thyroglobulin
88
What is the connective tissue that surround the liver called?
Glisson's capsule
89
What is masticatory mucosa? Is it keratinized?
-present in high abrasion areas like gingiva and hard palate. It is keratinized or parakaratinized and maintain nuclei
90
Action of ADH, where is it produced?
raises BP by increasing H2O resorption in collecting tubules. Supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus
91
How many layers of muscle in stomach?
-three, inner circular, outer longitudinal, and inner oblique layers
92
The simple columnar epithelium in the gallbladder have microvilli. What is their function?
water resorption to concentrate bile
93
What cells contract around the acini to secrete saliva?
-myoepithelial
94
Cells lining convex surface of enamel organ become what?
-external enamel epithelium
95
How long are the D J and I?
-D is 25 cm, J is 2 m, I is 3 m
96
Germ layer of pulp?
-mesoderm, resembles primitive mesenchyme
97
What is the difference between cholelithiasis and choledocolithiasis?
Cholelithiasis: supersaturation of bile that produces gall stones
Choledocolithiasis: obstruction of bile ducts
98
What type of cells make up the distal convoluted tubule? What is a distinct feature of them?
Simple cuboidal epithelium. Short apical microvilli (no distinct brush border in lumen)
99
What is another name for adventitia?
-serosa (visceral peritoneum)
100
What layer of the mucosa contains lymphoid tissue, blood vessels, and glands?
-lamina propria
101
What kind of cells line the esophagus?
-stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
102
Action of oxytocin, where is it produced?
promotes sm Mm contraction of uterus and breast. paraventricular nucleus of hypothalams
103
Type of nephrons in outer rim of cortex
cortical or subcapsular
104
What is the transition of epithelium from the colon to the rectum?
-simple columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium
105
Dentin comes from what germ layer?
-mesoderm
106
What is Hertwig’s root sheath?
epithelial sheath that determines cross section of tooth
107
Where is T4 iodinated into T3?
Liver
108
Visceral surface of bladder covered by _______ ________.
fibroblastic adventitia (serosa)
109
Pulp is possible source of what (significant for future science)
-pluripotential stem cells
110
Site where bile enters the duodenum
major duodenal papilla
111
After passing through the glomerulus, the ultrafiltrate goes onto the _______
proximal convoluted tubule (renal tubule)
112
Do endocrine glands have ducts?
No. They secrete hormones into the surrounding interstitial space
113
What is the origin of dental pulp?
-Pulp is formed from the leftover dental papilla which is mesodermal mesenchyme
114
What are the two types of secretory parathyroid cells?
Chief: PTH
Oxyphil: large # of mitochondria and unknown function
115
What is the order of odontogenesis?
-ameloblasts induce diff of odontoblasts which deposit pre-dentin. The calcification of predentin triggers deposition of enamel by ameloblasts
116
Unique structure on lumen of proximal convoluted tubule
brush border/microvilli
117
Endocrine functions of the liver
- synth of plasma prot
- synth of glucose
- gluconeogenesis
- storage and release fo glycogen, lipids, and lipoproteins
- Vit A and D storage (story about polar bears)
118
How thick is crevicular epithelium?
-2-3 cells thick
119
What is the water soluble form of bilirubin?
Bilirubin glucuronide
120
Portal Lobule boundaries are based on what?
bile flow
121
What hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary allows the epithelial cells of the collecting ducts to become permeable to water?
ADH (vasopressin)
122
How deep are the anal glands?
-into the muscularis externa, secrete mucus
123
What is the mucosa on the dorsal surface of the tongue?
-specialized mucosa
124
What is the primary nitrogenous waste product in mammals?
Urea (as opposed to the insoluble uric acid)
125
another name for secondary foot processes
pedicels
126
What are enkephalins?
endogenous opiates
127
Mucosa is divided into three layers. What are they?
-epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
128
Support cells in the infundibulum/posterior pituitary.
Pituicytes
129
Name of surface layer of glycoproteins that give capillary endothelium in the glomerulus its negative charge
podocalyxin
130
The prostatic urethra is lined with what epithelium? Different from rest of urethra.
transitional epithelium
131
What allows communication between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?
The hypopheseal portal system.
132
You may see islands of epithelial cells in the periodontal ligament. This is not carcinoma this is……
-epithelial rests of Malassez
133
What is membrane digestion?
-involves enzyme of glycocalyx on plasma membrane of enterocytes
134
PTH increases serum calcium in what three ways?
1. incr osteoclast activity
2. incr renal tubular absorption of Ca in kidneys
3. incr absorptio of Ca fromgut via Vit D
135
What are columns of Morgani?
-longitudinal folds in anus
136
What starts the pancreatic zymogen cascade?
-enterokinase --> trypsin --> chymotrypsin
137
What is the purpose of the principal cells and intercalated cells of the distal convoluted tubule? What controls these two cells?
Principal: resorb Na and water, secrete K
Intercalated: resorb K, secrete H
These cells are controlled by aldosterone
138
What glands are in the colon?
-large #s of goblet cells in epithelium and colonic glands in submucosa
139
What is Cushing's disease?
(hyperandrenocorticism) 1' adrenal hyperplasia or functional tumor. 2' (classical form) incr ACTH from ant pituitary signals for more secretion of glucocorticoids
140
Of the three acinus zones, which is the most susceptible to toxic injury and which is most susceptible to ischemic injury?
Zone 1: (perilobular zone) toxic injury
Zone 3: (centrolobular zone) ischemic injury
141
Most tubules in the cortex are ________ ________ tubules.
proximal convoluted
142
Four zones of the renal tubule
- proximal convoluted tubule
- Loop of Henle
- Distal convoluted tubule
- Collecting tubule/duct
143
Two classes of secretory cells of anterior pituitary
Chromophils and chromophobes
144
What is the purpose of the enterokinase --> chymotrypsin cascade?
To keep the pancreas from digesting itself
145
When chyme enters the duodenum, it triggers the secretion of what from what cells?
-CCK and secretin from APUD cells
146
What is familial dysautonomia?
-total absence of taste buds
147
What is the space between villi called?
-Crypts of Lieberkuhn
148
Type of nephrons in middle of cortex
intermediate
149
The renal medulla contains mainly what three structures?
Loops of Henle, collecting tubules, and collecting ducts
150
What are the mushroom shaped papillae with taste buds on dorsal surface?
-Fungiform (look like mushroom)
151
Why do the afferent arterioles of the glomerulus drain into efferent arterioles and not venules?
Because the pressure is too high for venules
152
What coordinates the endocrine functions of the body?
Hypothalamus
153
Effect of secretin on pancreas (S cells)
stimulates secretion of bicarbonate by cells of intercalated ducts
154
Nephrons are derived from ________ blastema which is part of developing _______ ridge.
nephrogenic, urogenital
155
The adrenal cortex originates from what germ layer?
mesodermal
156
Cytoplasmic processes of podocytes
foot processes
157
Row of 8 to 12 large dome shaped papillae. What landmark are they anterior to?
-Circumvallate papillae, sulcus terminalis
158
Pancreatic acinar cells empty their zymogens into _____________ ducts which then empty into _________ ducts which then empty into ___________ ducts.
1. Intercalated
2. Intralobular
3. Inter(extra)lobular
159
Capillaries that supply the pulp come from where?
-periodontal ligament
160
Primary site of water/protein, AA, and sugar resorption in nephron
proximal convoluted tubule
161
What is a hepatic acinus? **Review these lecture slides!**
diamond shaped region between neighboring central Vv
162
Bile is synthesized by ______ and secreted into a network of bile ________.
hepatocytes, canaliculi
163
Is T3 or T4 active
T3
164
Germ layer of cementum?
-mesoderm
165
Which kind of ulcer is “preferred” and why?
-Peptic ulcers are easier to treat because they are in the duodenum
166
Produced by kidneys to regulate BP
Renin
167
Where are chromaffin cells. What do they secrete?
adrenal medulla, catecholamines
168
Which layer of the adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol?
zona fasciculata
169
What gland secretes melatonin and serotonin?
Pineal gland
170
Which layer of the adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone?
zona glomerulosa
171
What fibers support hepatic cords and sinusoids? What type of collagen are they made of?
Reticulin, Type III
172
Name for epithelium lining the adventitia/serosa/mesentery?
-mesothelium
173
Name of cells on visceral layer of bowman's capsule
podocytes
174
What percentage of the blood from the digestive system is sent through the hepatic portal system?
75-80%
175
How many types of cells are in gastric glands? What are they?
- 5
- mucus secreting cells: luminal surface and upper third of pit
- acid secreting cells: parietal cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor, middle third of gland, 1 yr
- pepsin secreting cells: chief/peptic/zymogenic, 1 yr
- APUD cells:
- G: gastrin stim secr of HCl and pepsin
- D: somatostatin inhibits gastrin
- S: secretin inhibits gastric secretion and stim smooth Mm contraction
176
Effect of gastrin on pancreas (G cells)
stimulates secretion of pancreatic fluid
177
What vitamin is converted to its active form in the kidneys (also in the liver)
Vitamin D
178
Which cranial nerves innervate the tongue anterior and posterior to the sulcus terminalis?
Anterior: CN V. Posterior: CN IX
179
How much bile can the gallbladder store?
about 100mL
180
What makes the periodontal ligament?
-collagenous fibers aka Sharpey’s fibers
181
What muscle group forms the longitudinal layer of the colon?
-taenia coli
182
What is the vasa recta?
peritubular capillary network surrounding the Loop of Henle
183
Name of occasional fat storing cells between hepatocytes
Ito Cells
184
Effect of enterokinase on pancreatic secretions
converts trypsinogen to trypsin which converts chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin (digest proteins)
185
What germ layers does the tongue originate from?
-Posterior 1/3: mesoderm Anterior 2/3: ectoderm
186
What is bilirubin?
bile pigment. Non soluble breakdown product of Hb
187
Most common type of chromohile
Somatotrophes: 50%, secrete GH
188
Two major components of a nephron
Renal corpuscle and renal tubule
189
Main component/function of fundus
-glandular portion of stomach
