Lecture Exam 4 Review

Question 1

Adductor muscles in voice production

Answer 1

lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
interarytenoid muscle

Question 2

Abductor muscles in voice production

Answer 2

posterior cricoarytenoid muscles

Question 3

What happens to vocal folds to increase pitch?

Answer 3

they lengthen by the cricothyroid muscle

Question 4

What happens to vocal folds to decrease pitch? What muscle does this?

Answer 4

they shorten by the thyroarytenoid muscle

Question 5

What happens during inhalation

Answer 5

lung pressure decreases
lung volume increases
diaphragm contracts
thoracic diameter widens

Question 6

What happens during exhalation

Answer 6

lung pressure increases
lung volume decreases
diaphragm relaxes
thoracic diameter narrows

Question 7

Inspiratory area (dorsal respiratory group)
- location
- function

Answer 7

location: medulla oblongata
function: resting breathing rate

Question 8

Expiratory area (ventral respiratory group)
- location
- function

Answer 8

location: medulla oblongata
function: usually dormant

Question 9

Pneumotaxic area
- location
- function

Answer 9

location: pons
function: inspiratory area inhibitor

Question 10

Apneustic area
- location
- function

Answer 10

location: pons
function: inspiratory area stimulator

Question 11

Cells of innate immunity

Answer 11

neutrophils
macrophages
monocytes
dendritic cells
basophils
eosinophils
natural killer cells
mast cells

Question 12

Cells of adapative immunity

Answer 12

T-cells
B-cells
natural killer cells
antigen-presenting cells (APC)

Question 13

Antibody-mediated immunity is performed by

Answer 13

B-cells

Question 14

Function of plasma cells

Answer 14

produce and secrete antibodies during antibody-mediated immunity

Question 15

IgG antibody

Answer 15

activates complement system, phagocytosis, neutralizes toxins

Question 16

IgA antibody

Answer 16

provides localized infection protection

Question 17

IgM antibody

Answer 17

promotes agglutination and lysis of microbes

Question 18

IgE antibody

Answer 18

binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from granulocytes

Question 19

IgD antibody

Answer 19

activates basophils and mast cells to produce antimicrobial factors

Question 20

Cell-mediated immunity is performed by

Answer 20

T-cells

Question 21

pre-T-cells are produced in the ____ and mature in the ____

Answer 21

red bone marrow, thymus

Question 22

function of helper T-cells (CD4)

Answer 22

produce cytokines such as interleukin-2

Question 23

function of interleukin-2

Answer 23

stimulates activity of cytotoxic T-cells

Question 24

function of cytotoxic T-cells

Answer 24

recognize and destroys infected cells

Question 25

Neutrophils are the

Answer 25

first cells at the site of INFLAMMATION

Question 26

Natural killer cells are the

Answer 26

first cells at the site of INFECTION

Question 27

Stages of inflammation

Answer 27

vasodilation and increased blood permeability phagocytes arrive tissue repair

Question 28

Primary lymphatic organs

Answer 28

red bone marrow and thymus