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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Module 3 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Module 3 - Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Boundaries of the oral cavity

A

Roof
- hard palate: separates mouth from nasal cavity
- soft palate: separates mouth from pharynx
Anterior boundary
- lips: orbicularis oris muscle, vermillion border
- teeth
Lateral boundary
- cheeks: buccinator muscles
- teeth
Floor
- tongue

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2
Q

Intrinsic (minor) salivary glands

A

secrete saliva directly into the mouth
- lingual
- palatoglossal
- palatal
- buccal

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3
Q

Extrinsic (major) salivary glands

A

secrete saliva into the mouth via a series of ducts
- parotid
- submandibular
- sublingual

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4
Q

Parotid duct

A

the duct of the parotid gland that runs forward and pierces the buccinator muscle to empty into the mouth

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5
Q

Saliva

A

a fluid consisting of water, mucus, digestive enzymes, and antibodies that aids in chemical digestion and lubrication
- salivation can be triggered by taste and smell

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6
Q

Muscles of mastication and their actions

A

Temporalis - elevate mandible
Masseter - elevate mandible
Lateral pterygoid - depresses chin; moves jaw side-to-side
Meidla pterygoid - grinding motion

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7
Q

Tongue

A

surface covered in papillae that contain taste buds
- forms a bolus for swallowing

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8
Q

Intrinsic tongue muscles

A

originate from hyoid bone
responsible for intricate shape changes required for speech
- superior longitudinal muscle
- transverse lingual muscle
- vertical lingual muscle

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9
Q

Extrinsic tongue muscles

A

most of the tongue
attach to the bones of the cranium, the hyoid bone, and the mandible
Responsible for strong movements necessary for swallowing
- genioglossus
- hyoglossus
- styloglossus
- palatoglossus

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10
Q

Two sets of teeth

A

deciduous teeth - 20 baby teeth ages 1-2
permanent teeth - 32 adult teeth ages 6-20

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11
Q

Incisors (teeth)

A

chisel shaped teeth adapted for cutting
- central and lateral
- ONE ROOT EACH

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12
Q

Canines (teeth)

A

pointed teeth adapted for piercing
- ONE ROOT EACH

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13
Q

Premolars (teeth)

A

circular teeth with two cusps adapted for tearing
- most have one root
- first maxillary premolar which has TWO ROOTS
- NO PREMOLARS IN DECIDUOUS TEETH

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14
Q

Molars (teeth)

A

large teeth with four or five cuspids adapted for crushing
- mandibular molars have TWO roots
- maxillary molars have THREE roots
- 3rd molars are the wisdom teeth

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15
Q

Parts of a tooth

A

Crown
Neck
Root
Pulp Cavity

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16
Q

List the four basic tissues of teeth (hardest to softest)

A

Enamel
Dentin
Cementum
Pulp

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17
Q

Enamel

A

covers the dentin of the crown
- hardest substance in the body

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18
Q

Dentin

A

hard tissue that makes up most of the tooth; deep to the enamel ad cementum

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19
Q

Cementum

A

tough yellow tissue covering the root
- periodontal fibers embedded within

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20
Q

Pulp

A

soft tissue within the pulp cavity containing the nerves and blood vessels that nourish the dentin

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21
Q

What is the difference between dentin/cementum and enamel

A

Dentin and cementum can regenerate and self-repair, but enamel CANNOT

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22
Q

Pharynx (and parts)

A

a U-shaped structure connecting the oral and nasal cavities to the esophagus
Nasopharynx - highest posterior to nasal cavities
Oropharynx - middle, posterior to oral cavity
Laryngopharynx - lowest, POSTERIOR TO LARYNX

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23
Q

Esophagus

A

continuation of the pharynx at C6 that empties into the stomach inferiorly

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24
Q

Peristalsis

A

involuntary muscle contractions that move food into the stomach from the esophagus

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25
Pharyngeal constrictor muscles
muscles making up the pharynx wall that constrict to push food into the esophagus
26
What muscle structures are involved in swallowing?
tongue, soft palate, pharynx, larynx, esophagus
27
What comes into contact with the soft palate during swallowing?
nasopharynx junction
28
What structure moves downwards to block the nasal cavity and larynx?
Epiglottis
29
Buccal Phase of swallowing
The VOLUNTARY actions of mastication and bolus-formation with the tongue and hard palate with saliva
30
Pharyngeal Phase of swallowing
Larynx and pharynx move forward and elevate, and the epiglottis tilts downwards to close the entrance to the larynx, preventing food from entering the lower respiratory tract - BREATHING IS INTERRUPTED - the vagus nerve triggers a cough if a substance does enter the larynx
31
Esophageal Phase of swallowing
peristaltic waves propel the bolus down the esophagus until it reaches the lower esophageal sphincter, which relaxes to allow the bolus to enter the stomach - BREATHING RESUMES when bolus reaches upper esophagus
32
Stomach
major site of digestion secretes gastric juice
33
Gastric juice
a mixture of water, mucus, HCL, intrinsic factor, and the enzyme pepsinogen that aids in chemical digestion - made of secretions from three cell types: parietal, chief, and neck mucous cells
34
Parietal cells produce...
hydrochloric acid
35
Chief cells produce...
digestive enzymes; pepsinogen and gastric lipase
36
Gastric lipase
breaks down lipids into fatty acids and monoglycerides
37
Pepsin
active form of pepsinogen
38
Neck mucous cells produce...
mucus that protects the stomach lining from hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes
39
Accessory Glands of Digestive System
pancreas, liver, gallbladder
40
Pancreas
both exocrine and endocrine functions - 99% of cells are exocrine secreting pancreatic juice
41
Cells of the acini
secrete pancreatic juice to neutralize stomach acid and help the digestion of protein, carbohydrates, and lipids - exocrine
42
Islets of Langerhans
secrete insulin and glucagon hormones that regulate blood sugar levels - endocrine
43
Liver (lobes)
largest gland in the body made of 4 lobes: right, left, caudate, quadrate
44
4 main liver functions
1. produce bile, urea, heparin, vitamin A, plasma proteins, and antibodies 2. metabolize fats, amino acids, sugars, and toxins 3. storage unit for fats, vitamins A, D, and 12, iron, and glycogen 4. Activation of vitamin D
45
Coronary ligaments
surround the BARE AREA of the liver that lacks a peritoneum and is in direct contact with the diaphragm
46
Bile
greenish-yellow alkaline liquid that is synthesized by the liver and stored in the gallbladder - emulsifies fats by increasing surface area - stimulates peristalsis - channel for excretion of toxins
47
Bile is secreted by ____ and released into the _____
hepatocytes; duodenum via common bile duct)
48
Bilirubin
a yellow pigment produced by the breakdown of the heme group of hemoglobin - principal pigment in bile - broken down and excreted as feces by large intestines
49
Bilirubin is secreted into bile that goes into the small intestine via the ...
biliary tree
50
Principal organ responsible for drug excretion
Kidneys
51
Vitamin D
- hepatocytes secrete a vitamin D precursor - UV rays turn the precursor into a second precursor - Second precursor travels to liver and kidneys to be converted into vitamin D
52
What does vitamin D do in the small intestine?
transfers calcium from food into the blood
53
Gallbladder
located under the inferior surface of the right lobe of the liver; functions to store and concentrate bile
54
Biliary tree
connects the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas to the duodenum
55
Small intestine
main digestio and absorption site for water, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids; divided into 3 parts - duodenum - jejunum - ileum
56
Large intestine
1.5 m long connecting to the ileum of the small intestine and terminating at the anus; functions to absorb water and salts and eliminate waste - peristaltic contractions occur 3-4 times a day to move fecal matter to anus - 7 parts: ileocecal valve, cecum, appendix, rectum, transverse colon, ascending colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
57
What tissue anchors the large intestine (except rectum) to the posterior abdominal wall?
peritoneum
58
Peritoneum
a serous membrane that lines the walls and contents of the abdomen; connects to stomach, liver, jejunum, and ileum - reduces friction - holds in place - carries vessels - prevents infection spread - 2 types: parietal and visceral
59
Parietal peritoneum
peritoneum that covers the abdominal wall
60
Visceral peritoneum
covers abdominal organs
61
Peritoneal cavity
a space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum that contains lubricating fluid
62
The duodenum lies ___ the peritoneum
behind
63
Male peritoneum forms a _____ while female peritoneum forms _______
closed sac; an opening for the uterine tubes
64
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are consumed as ____
polymers (that must be broken down to be absorbed)
65
Chemical digestion
breakdown of polymers into smaller units that can be absorbed by the body - begins in the mouth, ceases at the large intestine
66
Where does the majority of chemical digestion occur?
small intestine
67
Digestion
the breakdown of food into smaller molecules through mechanical and chemical processes
68
Absorption
the uptake of nutrients from digested food as they move across the intestinal wall into the bloodstream
69
Carbohydrate digestion
Polysaccharides and disaccharides are broken down into monomeric units Mouth - salivary amylase Small intestine - pancreatic amylase, adextrinase Large intestine - fermentation
70
Protein digestion
proteins broken down into a single amino acid to enter the blood stream Stomach - pepsin and gastric juice form peptides Small intestine - pancreatic juice enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, elastase), brush border enzymes aminopeptidase and dipetidase
71
Lipid digestion
triglycerides are broken down into monoglycerides and fatty acid Stomach - lingual lipase (activated in stomach) and gastric lipase (part of gastric juice, breaks down triglycerides in milk) Small intestine -
72
The majority of absorption is carried out in the ______
small intestine
73
Carbohydrate absorption
monosaccharides are transported FROM the brush border of the small intestines THROUGH the cell membranes - fructose enters via facilitated diffusion - glucose enters via active transport
74
Protein absorption
amino acids are absorbed as di- and tri- peptides they are cotransported with H+ from the intestinal lumen to the surrounding cells to the surrounding cells
75
The products of lipid digestion are water _____
insoluble
76
Lipid absorption
lipid products associate with lecithin and bile salts to form micelles
77
Over 90% of water is absorbed in the _____ , and the rest is absorbed in the _____
small intestine, large intestine
78
Absorption of water from the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream occurs through _____ and is dependent on the absorption of ______
osmosis, sodium
79
a high sodium concentration in the intestinal cells creates a _____
concentration gradient that draws water into cells
80
Fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamins A, D, E, and K - transported to brush borders by micelles and absorbed by diffusion
81
Water-soluble vitamins
B complex and C - absorbed directly through simple diffusion
82
Vitamin B12 is absorbed through ______
active transport
83
Enteric nervous system
a network of nerve cells in the digestive system that controls digestion - responsible for neural regulation
84
Enteroendocrine cells
located throughout the mucosa of the stomach and colon - responsible for hormonal regulation

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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