Lecture Final Flashcards
1
Q
number of organisms to colonize 50% of hosts
A
Infectious dose (ID50)
2
Q
ability of a pathogen to cause disease
A
Virulence
3
Q
help pathogens attach to host cell
A
adherence factors
4
Q
outer polysaccharide layer that aids in attachment
A
capsule
5
Q
help pathogen to invade host tissue (penetrate the epithelium)
A
Invasive factors
6
Q
can produce hyluronidase
A
some streptococcus and Staphylococcus
7
Q
breaks down hyluronic acid that holds cells together
A
hyaluronidase
8
Q
can produce collagenase that breaks down collagen
A
Clostridium
9
Q
help pathogen grow within host tissue
A
colonization factors
10
Q
secrete a protein (TcpF) that allows colonization of the small intestine
A
Vibrio cholera
11
Q
help pathogen avoid phagocytosis
A
Cell surface structure
12
Q
soluble chemical excreted by viable pathogen
A
exotoxins
13
Q
causes lysis of host cells
A
Cytolytic toxins
14
Q
exotoxins that affect the small intestine, causing changes in intestinal permeability that lead to diarrhea
A
Enterotoxins
15
Q
toxic bacterial structural component released upon bacterial cell death
A
Endotoxin
16
Q
breaks down fibrin clots
A
streptokinase
17
Q
caused by the erythrogenic toxin (damage the plasma membranes of blood capillaries)
A
Scarlet Fever
18
Q
autoimmune disease; autoantibodies against S. pyrogens cause damage to heart values
A
Rheumatic Fever
19
Q
flesh eating bacteria
A
Necrotizing fasciitis
20
Q
caused by varicella-zoster virus
A
chicken pox
21
Q
inflammation of the salivary gland
A
mump
22
Q
caused by a togavirus
A
Rubella
23
Q
vaccine that can prevent measles, mumps, and rubella
A
MMR vaccine
24
Q
whooping cough
A
pertussis
25
masses of fibrin, bacterial cells, and macrophages
tubercles
26
block formation of mycolic acid
isoniazid
27
inhibits RNA polymerase
rifampin
28
the most common of infectious diseases
The common cold
29
caused by the rhinovirus
the common cold
30
caused by an RNA virus of the orthomyxovirus
influenza
31
minor change in influenza virus antigens due to gene mutation
Antigenic drift
32
major change in influenza virus antigen due to gene reassortment
Antigenic shift
33
converts urea into ammonia
urease
34
produces toxin that causes bloody diarrhea and kidney failure
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC (0157:H7)
35
most frequent bacterial cause of diarrhea (gastroenteritis)
Campylobacter jejuni
36
on skin due to daily activities, cannot multiply on the skin
Transient microbes
37
reside and multiply on skin
resident microbes
38
few bacteria present due to stomach acids, pancreatic secretions and bile
duodenum
39
common cause of yeast urogentitial infections
candida albicans
40
the active ability of an organism to resist infection
immunity
41
protects against foreign cells and macromolecules
immune system
42
foreign cells or macromolecules react with the antibodies
antigen
43
substances that induce an immune response
immunogen
44
a glycoprotein that recognizes the antigen
antibody (immunoglobin)
45
cells that engulf and destroy foreign particles
phagocytes
46
first line of defense
inate (non-adaptive) immunity
47
the acquired ability to recognize and destroy a particular pathogen or its products
adaptive immunity
48
engulf and destroy microbes
neutrophils and monocytes
49
differentiates into macrophages or dendritic cells after entering the tissue
Monocytes
50
large numbers in blood or at any region on the body indicate active infection
neutrophils
51
contain a lot of granules associated with allergies
| "alarm" when there is an invasion
basophils and mast cells
52
regulate specific immune response, receive information from antigen presenting cells and elicit a response
T-cells
53
produce antibodies to bind antigens, help in activation of other T-cells
B-cells
54
major defense against viral infected and cancerous cells
Natural killer cells
55
promotes the destruction of pathogens by phagocytes
Toll-like Receptor proteins
56
destroys peptidoglycan
lysozyme
57
peptides which disrupt pathogen's cytoplasmic membrane
Defensins
58
degranulate and release histamine
Mast Cells
59
stimulates vessels to open further (vasodilation)
histamine
60
make vessels more permeable
Prostaglandin
61
immune system responds to body cells as if they were foreign
autoimmune response
62
fever inducing
pyrogenic
63
protein molecules released by host cells to inhibit the spread of viral infections
interferons
64
destroy infected and cancerous host cells
natural killer cells
65
creates membrane pores to lyse cell
perforin
66
host produces antibodies and T-cells in response to an infection
naturally acquired active immunity
67
occurs when antibodies are passed from one host to another
naturally acquired passive immunity
68
result of vaccination; host makes antibodies that last for years
Artificially acquired active immunity
69
chemically modified exotoxin retains antigenicity but loses toxicity
Toxoid
70
has lost its virulence
attenuated bacteria/virus
71
host receives antibodies (antiserum) from another host that has formed antibodies against a specific pathogen
artificially acquired passive immunity
72
phagocytic cell that present processed antigens to T-cells
antigen-presenting cell (APC)
73
undifferentiated T-cells
TH0
74
secrete cytokinase which causes proliferation of the Tc Cells
TH1 subset
75
plays a crucial role in beta cell activation and antibody production
TH2 subset
76
destroy tumor cells, infected cells or damaged cells
Cytotoxic T-cells
77
allows host to respond to second exposure to same antigen quickly
T-cell receptors (TCR)
78
on the surface of all nucleated cells; presents intracellular antigens to Tc cells
Class 1 MHC Proteins
79
on the surface of cell's antgen presenting cells; presents extracellular antigens to TH cells
Class II MHC Proteins
80
neutralizes antigens
agglutination
81
must abundant class of antibodies; only antibody that can be transferred through placenta
IgG
82
predominant antibody in secretions
IgA
83
low concentration, responsible for allergies
IgE
84
second most abundant Ig in blood; first class of antibody made in response to infection
IgM
85
found on the surface of B cells; binding of antigen to these antibodies stimulates the B cells to produce other antibodies, mostly IgG
IgD
86
predominant antibody produces becomes IgG instead of IgM
Isotype switching (class switching)
87
normally harmless substance that cause immune response
allergen
88
constriction of airways and drop in blood pressure
anaphylactic shock
89
neutralize or counter the effect of histamine
antihistamines
90
reduce inflammation
steroids
91
counter the effects of histamine
adrenalin
92
"allergy shots" shift antibody production from IgF to IgG
Desensitization
93
autoantibodies to cardiac cells; damages heart valves
Rheumatic Fever
94
autoantibodies to Rh blood group; destroys RBC
Hemolytic anemia
95
autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptor; causes progressive muscle weakness
Myasthenia gravis
96
complexes deposited in joint; inflammation and destruction of cartilage
Rheumatoid arthritis
97
complexes deposited in kidney, lungs, and spleen
Systemic lupus erythematosus
98
autoantibodies against myelin protein; destroys covering of neurons
multiple sclerosis
99
autoantibodies against insulin-producing cells in pancreas, prevents insulin production
Type 1 Diabetes
100
pathogen proteins that can cause very strong immune response; activate more T-cells than normal (widespread stimulation of immune cells)
Superantigens
