LECTURE: Larynx and Pharynx

Question 1

What cartilage is composed of two plates, fused anteriorly to form the laryngeal prominence (“Adam’s apple”)?

Answer 1

thyroid cartilage

Question 2

Which cartilage has a divergence of lamina superiorly to form a v-shaped thyroid notch?

Answer 2

thyroid cartilage

Question 3

The thyroid cartilage attaches to the hyoid bone via …

Answer 3

thyrohyoid membrane

Question 4

Lateral surface of each lamina has _______ for muscle attachment

Answer 4

oblique line

Question 5

A midline “leaf-shaped” cartilage which folds down over the laryngeal inlet when the larynx is elevated during swallowing

Answer 5

epiglottis

Question 6

The epiglottis tapered inferior end is attached to the __________, located behind the thyroid notch.

Answer 6

thyroepiglottic ligament

Question 7

Complete ring of cartilage that is higher posteriorly compared to more narrow anterior aspect (“signet-shaped”).

Answer 7

cricoid cartilage

Question 8

most inferior of laryngeal cartilages

Answer 8

cricoid cartilage

Question 9

________ allow pivot motion between thyroid and cricoid cartilage

Answer 9

Cricothyroid joints

Question 10

__________ cricothyroid ligaments run between thyroid and cricoid cartilages.

Answer 10

median and lateral

Question 11

trachea extends ______ from cricoid cartilage

Answer 11

inferiorly

Question 12

Two pyramidal-shaped cartilages that rest on the posterior cricoid cartilage

Answer 12

arytenoid cartilages

Question 13

The 3 parts of each arytenoid cartilages

Answer 13

1. apex (superiorly)
2. muscular process (posteriorly)
3. vocal process (anteriorly)

Question 14

The muscular processes are for muscle attachment and the vocal processes are for attachment of

Answer 14

vocal ligaments

Question 15

Small cartilages that sit atop the apices of the arytenoid cartilages.

Answer 15

corniculate cartilages

Question 16

The function of this cartilage is not fully understood other than to “help support the aryepiglottic folds” during swallowing

Answer 16

corniculate cartilages

Question 17

A fibroelastic membrane extending from the superior-lateral border of cricoid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages. The free edges form the vocal ligaments.

Answer 17

conus elasticus

Question 18

What are the joints of the larynx?

Answer 18

• cricothyroid joints
• cricoarytenoid joints

Question 19

Which joints are between facets on the lateral surface of cricoid cartilage and inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage?

Answer 19

cricothyroid joints

Question 20

Which joints provide the main movement is anterior and posterior tilting of the thyroid cartilage on the cricoid, which changes the tension of the vocal folds?

Answer 20

cricothyroid joints

Question 21

Which joints are between cricoid cartilage and arytenoid cartilages?

Answer 21

cricoarytenoid joints

Question 22

What types of movements do cricoarytenoid joints allow?

Answer 22

• Anterior and posterior tilting, which cause slack or tension on the vocal folds, respectively.
• Sliding together (adduction) or away (abduction) from each other.
• Medial or lateral rotation, which cause adduction or abduction of the vocal folds, respectively.

Question 23

mucosal folds not involved with sound production

Answer 23

False (vestibular) folds

Question 24

vocal ligaments and muscle covered by mucosa which produce sound

Answer 24

True (ventricular) folds

Question 25

area of larynx above false vocal folds

Answer 25

laryngeal vestibule

Question 26

: lateral space between false and true vocal folds

Answer 26

laryngeal ventricle

Question 27

the aperture between the vocal folds

Answer 27

rima glottidis

Question 28

refers to the vocal folds, the rima glottidis and the narrow part of the larynx at the level of the vocal folds

Answer 28

glottis

Question 29

Answer 29

Question 30

What are the muscle groups of the true (ventricular) folds?

Answer 30

adductors, abductors, tensors and relaxers

Question 31

Adductors of vocal folds

Answer 31

1. Lateral cricoarytenoids 2. Arytenoid muscle (transverse and oblique fibers)

Question 32

Which muscle is from lateral cricoid cartilage to muscular process of arytenoids?

Answer 32

adductors of vocal folds

Question 33

Which muscle run between arytenoids?

Answer 33

arytenoid muscle (transverse and oblique fibers)

Question 34

Abductor of vocal folds

Answer 34

posterior cricoarytenoids

Question 35

from posterior cricoid cartilage to muscular process of arytenoids

Answer 35

posterior cricoarytenoids

Question 36

Which muscle are tensors of vocal folds?

Answer 36

Cricothyroid muscles

Question 37

Which muscle is from anterolateral part of cricoid to inferior/interior of thyroid cartilage and tilt the thyroid cartilage forward?

Answer 37

Cricothyroid muscles

Question 38

Relaxers of vocal folds

Answer 38

Thyroarytenoids and vocalis muscle

Question 39

Which muscle is from internal surface of anterior thyroid cartilage to arytenoid cartilages and draws the arytenoids anteriorly?

Answer 39

thyroarytenoids

Question 40

Which muscle runs along the sides of the vocal ligaments, between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages and **relaxes** tension on the posterior vocal ligaments while maintaining tension anteriorly?

Answer 40

vocalis muscle

Question 41

Answer 41

Question 42

Answer 42

Question 43

Answer 43

Question 44

Answer 44

Question 45

Answer 45

Question 46

The larynx gets its blood primarily from the

Answer 46

superior and inferior laryngeal arteries

Question 47

The superior and inferior laryngeal arteries are branches of what arteries?

Answer 47

superior and inferior thyroid arteries, respectively

Question 48

The superior laryngeal artery travels through the

Answer 48

thyrohyoid membrane

Question 49

the inferior laryngeal artery enters the

Answer 49

inferior larynx

Question 50

Two main nerves of the larynx

Answer 50

superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerves

Question 51

The two main nerves of the larynx derive from which nerve?

Answer 51

vagus nerve

Question 52

The superior laryngeal nerve splits into which nerves high in the neck?

Answer 52

internal and external laryngeal nerves

Question 53

The internal laryngeal nerve enters the larynx (along with the superior laryngeal artery) through the thyrohyoid membrane. It carries what information?

Answer 53

sensory information from inside the larynx above the vocal folds

Question 54

The external laryngeal nerve travels down on the outside of the larynx to the …

Answer 54

cricothyroid muscle

Question 55

Which nerve innervate the inferior pharyngeal constrictor?

Answer 55

external laryngeal nerve

Question 56

As the vagus nerves (CN X) descend to the \_\_\_\_, they give rise to recurrent laryngeal branches.

Answer 56

thorax

Question 57

On the right, the recurrent branch loops around the _________ artery and travels up to the larynx in the sulcus between the trachea and esophagus.

Answer 57

subclavian

Question 58

On the left, however, the recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around the ________ (posterior to ligamentum arteriosum).

Answer 58

aortic arch

Question 59

The recurrent laryngeal nerves dive deep to the inferior pharyngeal constrictors to enter the larynx and, when they do, change their name to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 59

inferior laryngeal nerves

Question 60

Which nerves innervate all of the musculature of the larynx (except for cricothyroid) and carry sensory from inside the larynx below the vocal folds?

Answer 60

recurrent/inferior laryngeal nerve

Question 61

connection between base of tongue and epiglottis

Answer 61

Median glossoepiglottic fold

Question 62

depressions between base of tongue and epiglottis, on either side of the median glossoepiglottic fold

Answer 62

Vallecula

Question 63

depressions lateral to aryepiglottic folds

Answer 63

piriform recess

Question 64

The superior expanded part of the alimentary system posterior to the nasal and oral cavities, extending inferiorly past the larynx.

Answer 64

pharynx

Question 65

The pharynx extends from the cranial base to the inferior border of the ________ anteriorly and the inferior border of the ____ vertebra posteriorly.

Answer 65

The pharynx extends from the cranial base to the inferior border of the **_cricoid cartilage**_ anteriorly and the inferior border of the _**C6_** vertebra posteriorly

Question 66

The pharynx is widest opposite the _____ and narrowest at its inferior end, where it is continuous with the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 66

The pharynx is widest opposite the **_hyoid**_ and narrowest at its inferior end, where it is continuous with the _**esophagus_**.

Question 67

The flat posterior wall of the pharynx lies against the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 67

prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia

Question 68

Three Parts of Pharynx

Answer 68

1. nasopharynx 2. oropharynx 3. laryngopharynx

Question 69

Which part of the pharynx is posterior to the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate?

Answer 69

nasopharynx

Question 70

Which part of the pharynx is posterior to the oral cavity?

Answer 70

oropharynx

Question 71

Which part of the pharynx is posterior to the larynx?

Answer 71

laryngopharynx

Question 72

Which part of the pharynx has respiratory function?

Answer 72

nasopharynx

Question 73

Which part of the pharynx has digestive function?

Answer 73

oropharynx

Question 74

Which part of the pharynx is the posterior extension of the nasal cavity?

Answer 74

nasopharynx

Question 75

Which part of the pharynx is the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) located in?

Answer 75

posterior wall of nasopharynx

Question 76

A projection into the nasopharynx made from the pharyngotympanic tube is called what?

Answer 76

torus tubarius

Question 77

Which muscle extends fromt he torus tubarius to the pharynx in the nasopharynx?

Answer 77

salpingopharyngeus muscle

Question 78

Lymphoid tissue in the submucosa of torus tubarius is called

Answer 78

tubal tonsil

Question 79

Posterior to the salpingopharyngeal fold is a slit-like lateral groove called the

Answer 79

pharyngeal recess

Question 80

Which part of the pharynx is s bounded by the soft palate superiorly, the base of the tongue inferiorly, and the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches laterally?

Answer 80

oropharynx

Question 81

Which part of the pharynx extends from the soft palate to the superior border of the epiglottis?

Answer 81

oropharynx

Question 82

The palatine tonsils are collections of lymphoid tissue on each side of the oropharynx in the interval between the palatine arches called the

Answer 82

tonsilar bed

Question 83

The superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle is in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 83

floor of the tonsilar bed

Question 84

The portion of pharynx posterior to the larynx

Answer 84

laryngopharynx

Question 85

This part of the pharynx narrows inferiorly and becomes the esophagus.

Answer 85

laryngopharynx

Question 86

a ring of lymphoid tissue surrounding the entrance to the pharynx

Answer 86

Waldeyer’s ring

Question 87

Deglutition (1 word)

Answer 87

swallowing

Question 88

a combination of voluntary and involuntary muscular contractions to move a bolus of food from oral cavity to the esophagus

Answer 88

deglutition (swallowing)

Question 89

3 main phases of swallowing

Answer 89

Question 90

Voluntary or involuntary of all stages of swallowing

Answer 90

stage 1: voluntary stage 2: involuntary stage 3: involuntary

Question 91

This occurs in which stage of swallowing: the bolus is compressed against the palate and pushed from the mouth into the oropharynx, mainly by movements of the muscles of the tongue and soft palate

Answer 91

stage 1

Question 92

This occurs in which stage of swallowing:

Answer 92

stage 2

Question 93

This occurs in which stage of swallowing: sequential contraction of all three pharyngeal constrictor muscles forces the food bolus inferiorly into the esophagus.

Answer 93

stage 3

Question 94

consist of superior constrictor, middle constrictor, inferior constrictor, palatopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus.

Answer 94

Pharyngeal Muscles

Question 95

Superior constrictor originates from

Answer 95

m the pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, posterior end of mylohyoid end of mylohyoid line (of mandible) and side of tongue

Question 96

Superior constrictor insertion

Answer 96

into the pharyngeal tubercle on the basilar part of the occipital bone and pharyngeal raphe

Question 97

Middle constrictor origin

Answer 97

the stylohyoid ligament and greater and lesser horns of hyoid

Question 98

Middle constrictor insertion

Answer 98

pharyngeal raphe

Question 99

Answer 99

Question 100

Inferior constrictor origin

Answer 100

the oblique line of thyroid cartilage and side of the cricoid cartilage (cricopharyngeal part)

Question 101

Inferior constrictor insertion

Answer 101

into the pharyngeal raphe

Question 102

The constrictor muscles overlap in such a way to prevent

Answer 102

separation of the layers with swallowing

Question 103

The pharyngeal constrictors are innervated by _______ and constrict the walls of the pharynx.

Answer 103

vagus nerve (CN X)

Question 104

Answer 104

Question 105

O/I/A/N of palatopharyngeus

Answer 105

Question 106

O/I/A/N of salpingopharyngeus

Answer 106

Question 107

O/I/A/N of stylopharyngeus

Answer 107

Question 108

Answer 108