Lecture Midterm 2

Question 1

Function of stratum corneum

Answer 1

Creating a strong water, resistant barrier of dead, keratinocytes and lipids

Question 2

Function of integumentary system

Answer 2

Protective covering, sensory input, temperature regulation, vitamin D synthesis, excreting, small amounts of waste, metabolizes some chemicals

Question 3

What is stratum lucidum and where do you find it?

Answer 3

In histology, it appears to be a thin, clear, layer. you can find the stratum lucidum on the soles and palms

Question 4

What is stratum granulosum?

Answer 4

A layer of keratinocytes that are beginning to die, shedding their organelles that appear granulated due to the lipid and keratin granules present.

Question 5

What is stratum spinosum?

Answer 5

There are keratinocytes that are more round in shape, because they are new, they are becoming more differentiated. Neuron endings are found here as well as immune cells.

Question 6

What types of cells are found in Stratum basale?

Answer 6

Epidermal, stem cells, melanocytes, some sensory cells

Question 7

What are the typical cytoskeletal proteins found in epithelial cells?

Answer 7

Keratin

Question 8

How many layers is the stratum basale?

Answer 8

One

Question 9

How does the integumentary system act as a protective barrier?

Answer 9

Prevent infection, prevent water loss and ion loss

Question 10

What are the three layers of the integumentary system?

Answer 10

Number one: Epidermis
Number two: dermis
Number three: hypodermis

Question 11

What are the five layers of the epidermidis from superficial to deep?

Answer 11

1. Stratum corneum
2. Stratum lucidum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum spinosum
5. Stratum. Basale

Question 12

What are the two layers of the dermis from superficial to deep?

Answer 12

1. Papillary layer of the dermis
2. Reticular layer of the dermis

Question 13

What type of connective tissue is mostly found in the papillary layer of the dermis?

Answer 13

Loose areolar connective tissue

Question 14

What are the bumps at the top of the dermis called

Answer 14

Dermal papillae

Question 15

What is the function of blood vessels in the dermis?

Answer 15

To bring nutrients, oxygen, assist in temperature regulation

Question 16

What are the sensory endings at the top of the dermal layer known as?

Answer 16

Meissner’s corpuscles

Question 17

What is the main type of cell present in the dermal layer?

Answer 17

Fibroblasts

Question 18

What type of fibers is the dermal layer comprised of?

Answer 18

Collagen (type one and type three), elastic

Question 19

What is the thickest layer of the skin?

Answer 19

The reticular layer of the dermis

Question 20

What can be found in the reticular layer of the dermis?

Answer 20

Collagen, fibers, elastic fibers, fibroblasts, blood vessels, hair follicles, eccrine sweat glands, pacinian corpuscles,

Question 21

What is the type of tissue that comprises the reticular layer of the dermis?

Answer 21

Dense irregular connective tissue

Question 22

Which layer provides the most structure and support to the skin?

Answer 22

The reticular layer of the dermis

Question 23

COL1A1 gene is responsible for what?

Answer 23

Synthesis of collagen fibers in connective tissue for dermis, bones, and tendons

Question 24

What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

Answer 24

A mutation in the collagen one alpha one gene on the 17th chromosome.

Question 25

What is Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?

Answer 25

A mutation of the collagen one alpha one gene located on chromosome 17

Question 26

What is Epidermolysis bullosa?

Answer 26

A mutation of the collagen, seven alpha one gene which disrupts the basement layer, and makes skin detach from every day activities, such as brushing, teeth or flossing patients lose their epidermidis at an abnormal rate, are susceptible to bleeding and higher incidence of infection

Question 27

What is the function of the hypodermis?

Answer 27

Energy storage, insulation, cushion, defense

Question 28

What is the function of melanocytes?

Answer 28

Produce melanin to be carried by keratinocytes

Question 29

What is the function of melanin?

Answer 29

It is held in keratinocytes to shield the nucleus from further radiation exposure from UV rays, this is to reduce the risk of DNA mutation

Question 30

What is RSH Melanocortin?

Answer 30

A ligand that stimulates melanin production within melanocytes

Question 31

What are the package to particles of melanin referred to as?

Answer 31

Melanosomes

Question 32

What is the result of TYR, TYRP1, OCA2 gene mutations?

Answer 32

Albinism, which affects hair, eyecolor, and skin color. It is an autosomal recessive gene mutation.

Question 33

Glands and hair follicles are derived from what type of tissue and cells?

Answer 33

Epithelial tissue

Question 34

What is the role and function of sebaceous glands?

Answer 34

Producing and excreting, a substance called sebum, which is utilized to moisturize the epidermidis layer and hair. It is an oily substance.

Question 35

What is the function of eccrine sweat glands?

Answer 35

De secrete sweat to the surface of the skin and are utilized in temperature regulation.

Question 36

What is sebum from a chemical perspective?

Answer 36

squalene, esters of glycerol, wax and cholesterol, as
well as free cholesterol and fatty acids

Question 37

Where are multipotent stem cells found?

Answer 37

hair bulge, hair bulb, dermal papilla