Lecture Part 1 Flashcards
(22 cards)
Metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism that convert food and drink into energy to sustain life
Catabolism
The breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy
Anabolism
Synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones, together either the storage of energy
Principal pathways of appetite regulation by gut-brain peptides:
- stimulatory effect vs. inhibitory effect
- Hunger vs. satiety
- NPY secreting neurons: Ghrelin, PYY, CCK, Insulin
- Melanocortin secreting neurons: Leptin
What hormones lead to hunger?
PYY, CCK, Insulin
What hormones lead to satiation?
Ghrelin and leptin
What is the role of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus?
Regulates energy balance by sensing and responding to signals related to food intake and energy expenditure, reflecting energy stores and nutrient availability.
What role do leptin and ghrelin play in appetite?
Ghrelin: stimulates appetite
Leptin: decreases appetite
Sodium:
Maintains electrical gradients and osmoregulation, contributes to energy metabolism, regulates cell function.
Potassium:
Maintaining electrical gradients and osmoregulation, electrolyte balance, cell function, etc.
Chloride:
Maintaining electrical gradients and osmoregulation, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, etc.
Calcium:
Bone and teeth health, regulates nerve function, blood clotting, enzyme activation, etc.
Phosphorus:
ATP, cAMP, phospholipids, nucleic acids, etc., and in bone and teeth.
Magnesium:
Carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis, and lipid metabolism.
Iron:
In hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes of ETC., DNA synthesis.
Zinc:
Cofactor for over 300 enzymes, particularly lipid and glucose metabolism.
Vitamin A:
Antioxidant (fat-soluble vitamin)
Functions in vision, participates in gene regulation that promotes differentiation of stem cells into epithelial cells during growth and repair.
Vitamin D:
Hormone (fat-soluble vitamin, derived from cholesterol)
Required for normal bone growth.
Vitamin E:
Fat-soluble vitamin with several forms (alpha-tocopherol in human body)
Main role is to act as an antioxidant, scavenging loose electrons —so-called “free radicals”—that can damage cells.
Vitamin K:
Fat-soluble vitamin
Essential for synthesis of several clotting factors
Vitamin B1:
Thiamin (water-soluble vitamin)
Once phosphorylated it becomes a coenzyme that activates the enzyme that converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, and coenzyme for polymerases.
Folic acid:
Vitamin B9 (water-soluble vitamin)
Co-enzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid production, and important for neurological development and growth.
