Lecture: Primary Meristems

Question 1

meristems __ and __ cells

Answer 1

add; organize

Question 2

meristems add cells by _-

Answer 2

mitosis

Question 3

primary meristems are first formed in the_

Answer 3

embryo

Question 4

embryonic meristems are _-

Answer 4

seeds

Question 5

what is the function of the seed coat?

Answer 5

protection

Question 6

function of endosperm

Answer 6

food supply for embryo

Question 7

endosperms are found in what plant group(s)?

Answer 7

angiosperms only

Question 8

endosperms are ___, they have 2 cells from __ and 1 cell from __

Answer 8

triploid; mom; dad

Question 9

endosperm comes from __ fertilization

Answer 9

double

Question 10

what are cotyledons?

Answer 10

seed leaves

Question 11

initially, all cells in embryo can __

Answer 11

divide

Question 12

suspensor breaks down once

Answer 12

embryo is large enough

Question 13

once the embryo has reached it maximum size __ must occur for growth to continue

Answer 13

germination

Question 14

what are the 2 apical meristems?

Answer 14

root, shoot

Question 15

initial cells divide by

Answer 15

mitosis

Question 16

what is the hypocotyl?

Answer 16

area between the radicle and cotyledons

Question 17

which plant group has 2 cotyledons?

Answer 17

dicots

Question 18

which plant group has one cotyledon?

Answer 18

monocots

Question 19

is it more advanced to have one or two cotyledons?

Answer 19

1

Question 20

initially, what cells in the embryo can divide?

Answer 20

all of them

Question 21

when a cell divides, one daughter cell becomes __ and the other ___

Answer 21

the derivative and the other remains the initial

Question 22

which daughter cell forms the 3 primary meristems?

Answer 22

derivative

Question 23

what is another name for the cotyledon in monocots?

Answer 23

the scutellum

Question 24

what is the function of the scutellum?

Answer 24

absorbs nutrients from the endosperm

Question 25

what is the epicotyl?

Answer 25

area above cotyledon

Question 26

what is the plumule?

Answer 26

epicotyl and leaves

Question 27

some monocots have what 2 protective structures?

Answer 27

1. coleoriza | 2. coleoptile

Question 28

what is the function of the coleoriza?

Answer 28

protect root

Question 29

what is the function of the coleoptile?

Answer 29

protect plumule

Question 30

what are the 3 requirements for seed germination?

Answer 30

1. O2 2. water 3. temperature (sometimes light)

Question 31

why do seeds need water to germinate?

Answer 31

most are very dry, and water is needed for metabolic processes

Question 32

why do seeds need O2 to germinate?

Answer 32

required for Rs

Question 33

aside from the main 3, what other requiremnets might a seed have for germination?

Answer 33

1. digestive enzymes of animal 2. rainfall reaching inhibitors in seed coat 3. crached mechanically 4. heat from fire 5. capopy opening

Question 34

why is the root the first organ to emerge from the seed?

Answer 34

the plant needs to anchor in the soil and be able to absorb nutrients and water

Question 35

what is contained in the quiescent centre of the root tip?

Answer 35

initials

Question 36

what is the root cap made of?

Answer 36

parenchyma and slimy sheath (mucigel)

Question 37

each cell in the root cap lives for __ days

Answer 37

4-9

Question 38

what possible structures can break the soil first in epigeous plants?

Answer 38

1. hypocotyl | 2. cotyledon

Question 39

what possible structures can break the soil first in hypogeous plants?

Answer 39

1. epicotyl | 2. coleoptile

Question 40

what is the function of cotyledons on hypogeous plants?

Answer 40

nutrition

Question 41

what is the function of cotyledons of epigeous plants?

Answer 41

photosynthesis

Question 42

if the cotyledons emerge first, where does the plumule emerge?

Answer 42

from base of cotyledons

Question 43

how does the plumule emerge from coleoptile?

Answer 43

through a hole

Question 44

what are the 4 regions of stem?

Answer 44

1. epidermis 2. cortex 3. vascular 4. pith

Question 45

the tunica divides to add __

Answer 45

surface area

Question 46

the corpus divides to add__

Answer 46

girth

Question 47

the tunica divides __

Answer 47

anticlinally

Question 48

the corpus divides __

Answer 48

periclinally

Question 49

the divisions of the tunica produce which meristem?

Answer 49

the protoderm

Question 50

the divisions of the corpus produce which meristem?

Answer 50

the pith meristem

Question 51

the divisions of both the tunica and corpus contribute to __ meristem

Answer 51

peripheral

Question 52

what type of meristems exist at the nodes?

Answer 52

axillary

Question 53

what are the 4 fates of axillary meristems at nodes?

Answer 53

1. branch (default) 2. develop partially 3. inactive and waiting for signal 4. convert to floral meristems

Question 54

development of axillary meristems is controlled by __

Answer 54

apical meristem

Question 55

what is the effect of apical meristem's PGS's on axillary meristems?

Answer 55

prevents branching, unless axillary meristems are below the effective difussion level

Question 56

what type of climate is stable all year?

Answer 56

tropical

Question 57

what climates are seasonal?

Answer 57

mediterranian and temperate

Question 58

what are the 3 strategies for growth?

Answer 58

1. growth (tough it out) 2. hide and wait 3. give up, start over

Question 59

what is a lifeform?

Answer 59

form of plant growth

Question 60

lifeforms are related to __ and controlled by ___

Answer 60

environment; position of meristems

Question 61

what 2 things does Raunkiers lifeforms take into account?

Answer 61

1. where is next year's growth? | 2. how is it protected from stresses?

Question 62

what is an advantage of height?

Answer 62

access light

Question 63

what are two disadvantages of height?

Answer 63

1. takes time, perenial tissue is expensive | 2. potential for damage to meristems

Question 64

what is a perenating organ?

Answer 64

organ with a meristem in it

Question 65

what are Raunkier's 5 lifeforms?

Answer 65

1. phanerophyte 2. chamaephyte 3. hemicryptophyte 4. cryptophyte 5. therophytes

Question 66

where are the perenating buds of phanerophytes located?

Answer 66

far off the ground

Question 67

phanerophytes are typically what types of plants?

Answer 67

trees, shrubs, epiphytes that grow on them

Question 68

what type of plants are chamaephytes?

Answer 68

shrubs: short woody plants with multiple stems

Question 69

where are the perenating buds located on chamaephytes?

Answer 69

30-100 cm off ground; below snow cover for insulation from winter winds

Question 70

where are perenating buds located in hemicryptophytes?

Answer 70

just below soil surface, or under dead levaes ("half hidden"

Question 71

what sort of climates have hemicryptophytes?

Answer 71

temperate

Question 72

example of hemicryptophyes

Answer 72

carrots, daisies, dandelions

Question 73

where are the perenating buds located in cryptophytes?

Answer 73

under soil, mud, or water

Question 74

what sorts of climates have cryptophytes?

Answer 74

mediterranean

Question 75

cryptophtes are often found where growinf season is __

Answer 75

long

Question 76

examples of cryptophytes

Answer 76

bulbs, corms, deep rhizomes

Question 77

what type of plants are therophytes?

Answer 77

annuals

Question 78

therophytes are characteristic to what climate?

Answer 78

tropical

Question 79

therophytes spend the unfavourable growing season as

Answer 79

seeds

Question 80

example of therophytes

Answer 80

weeds