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BIO 231 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 1 Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Define anatomy

A

the study of structure

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2
Q

What are the three subclasses of anatomy

A

gross anatomy
microscopic anatomy
pathological anatomy

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3
Q

Define gross anatomy

A

studies large body structures visible to the naked eye

ex: organs

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4
Q

Define systemic anatomy

A

gross anatomy of the body studied by system

ex: respiratory, muscular, and intestinal systems

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5
Q

Define regional anatomy

A

gross anatomy of the body studied bye egion

ex: leg, abdomen

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6
Q

Define microscopic anatomy

A

studies anatomy with the aid of a microscope

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7
Q

Define cytology

A

study of cells

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8
Q

Define histology

A

study of tissues

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9
Q

Define pathological anatomy

A

studies the change of structure due to disease

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10
Q

Define physiology

A

a study of function, how things work, and how they are regulated

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11
Q

Define homeostasis

A

the ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes
Balance
ex: low blood pressure - baroreceptors in blood vessels tell your brain - vasomotor center in brain tells effector organs - heart increases contractions, vasoconstriction - equilibrium

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12
Q

What are the levels of organization?

A 
arms
molecules
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organism
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13
Q

Define atom

A

smallest unit of matter that maintains properties of an element

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14
Q

Define molecules

A

a group of atoms connected by a chemical bond

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15
Q

What are some inorganic molecules?

A

water, salts, acids, bases

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16
Q

What are some organic molecules?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

all contain card

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17
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

molecules that contain C, H, and O

ex: glucose, glycogen, starch
fxn: fuel, structural

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18
Q

What are lipids?

A

molecules that contain C, H, and O

ex: fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids in cell membranes
fxn: structural, energy storing

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19
Q

What are proteins?

A

chains of amino acids (20 in nature)
chained between peptide bonds to make peptides or polypeptides
contain C, H, N, and O
chains are arranged on several levels and are either globural or fibrous proteins

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20
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that bind to one or more substrates or reactants at the active site
This forms enzyme-substrate complex
interaction stressed or weakens chemical bonds in the substrates which ecourages a link between the two substrates and forms a new molecule which is then released

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21
Q

Define cell

A

smallest unit of life that varies tremendously in structure and fxn

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22
Q

Define tissues

A

an organization of similar cells designed to perform a specific function
ex: muscle cells cause contraction

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23
Q

What are the four types of tissues?

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A

connective, muscle, epithelial, nervous

24
Q

Define organs

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A

multiple tissues forming a structure with a specific function
ex: brain has blood, protective epithelial tissues, and nervous tissue

25
Define organ system
multiple organs working together to accomplish a function
26
What are the organ systems we will be studying?
Q1: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, endocrine Q2: nervous, cardiovasular, lymphatic Q3: gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary, reproductive
27
What is an organism?
all systems in a living individual
28
How many cells is the human body comprised of?
~30 trillion
29
What are the seven characteristics of living things?
maintaining boundaries in order to maintain a unique internal environment movement of cells or its components responsiveness or excitability - ability to sense changes in environment and respond digestion - break down of molecules into useful components and release energy metabolism - all chemical reactions used to maintain other functions excretion - waste elimination reproduction - ability to create offspring
30
Why are cells the smallest living thing and viruses are not?
Viruses cannot reproduce on their own, they must be within a cell in order to reproduce therefore it is not a living organism
31
What are eukaryotic cells comprised of?
plasma membrane nucleus/DNA cytoplasm containing organelles and cytoskeleton
32
What are prokaryotic cells comprised of?
no nucleus no membrane-enclosed organelles genetic material always single-celled
33
Why are cells like red blood cells considered eukaryotic even though they do not have a nucleus?
Red blood cells came from cells that once had a nucleus | In the bone marrow as the red blood cells are growing, they contain a nucleus
34
What is the plasma membrane?
a phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol and protein molecules embedded in it
35
What are the functions of the plasma membrane?
isolates the cell provides selective interation with the environment divides cell into compartments encloses organelles
36
What does the nucleus consist of?
nuclear envelope, chromatin, and nucleolus gene-containing control center of the cell dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be synthesized
37
What is the purpose of the nuclear envelope?
limits access of large molecules into the nucleus | pores in the nuclear envelope allow transport of small materials
38
What is the purpose o fchromatin?
responsible for absorption stains when microscopic specimen is prepared it consists of dissolve DNA
39
When are chromosome seen?
Only during cell division - it is when the chromatin organizes itself into bundles
40
What is the nucleolus?
the sit of ribosome assembly
41
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
consists of series of interconnected membrane-enclosed tubes and channels
42
What is rough ER?
contains ribosomes, which are protein units bound by RNA | major function is protein synthesis
43
What is smooth ER?
does not contain any ribosomes site of lipid synthesis ex: sex hormone production, glycogen synthesis in the liver, detoxification of drugs
44
What is the Golgi complex?
consists of flattened membranous sacs
45
What is the purpose of the Golgi complex?
sorting - lysosomal enzymes are transported to the lysosome, exporting enzymes go to the vesicles chemical altercations, such as glycoprotein formation packaging
46
What are lysosomes?
serve as digestive organelle in phagocytosis food vacuoles deliver ingested food to lysosomes lysosomes also act as garbage recycling organelles
47
What are peroxisomes?
small membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes oxidases and catalase they neutralize free radicals unlike lysosomes, they use oxygen
48
What is the mitochondria and what is its purpose?
An organelle surrounded by a double layer membrane they are the energy plants of a cell they couple oxygen to break high-energy bonds to build ATP molecules the site of cellular respiration
49
What is the cytoskeleton?
a network of protein fibers that provides shape, support, and movement
50
What does the cytoskeleton contain?
microfilaments - thin fibers, mostly actin, responsible for motion within and outside of the cell intermediate filaments - stiff skeleton and cannot be reassembled microtubules - help guide secretary vesicles, can be reassembled in the area of need, centrioles participate in cell division
51
What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?
cell shape - it can disassemble in one place and reassemble in the other, thus changing the shape of the cell cell movement - WBCs, muscle contraction organelle movement - it guides lysosome to fuse with food vacuole cell division - it moves chromosomes into two parts of dividing nucleus
52
What is the centrosome?
consists of microtubules and additional protein | in contains two centromeres used for cell division, building microtubules, cilia, and flagella
53
What are cilia?
move fluid past the cell for movement
54
What are flagella?
moves cells in the environment | only human cell that is a flagellum is sperm
55
What is primary ciliary dyskinesia?
Disorder where the cilia cells in a pt's trachea are disorganized Mucus does not get eliminated and more bacteria is likely to make its way into the respiratory system Pt's predisposed to respiratory infections

BIO 231 Anatomy OIT (9 decks)

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