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BIO 231 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 4 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Briefly describe bone tissue’s replication - how much in how long?

A

very metabolically actibe
one gram of bony matrix may be gained or lost in any 24 hour period
bones are completely remodeled every three years

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2
Q

What causes bone remodeling and how long are cycles?

A

microfractures occur via everyday wear and tear and are healed by ongoing bone remodeling
occurs in 120 day cycles

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3
Q

Describe what osteoclasts do to bone

A

bone resorption
they release proteases which dissolve bone matrix and collagen
clear away damaged bone
they then release matrix-bound growth factors that chemically attract osteoblasts

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4
Q

Describe what osteoblasts do to bone

A

bone formation
occurs during last 100 days
fill in bony cavity with bone amtrix
release cytokines to attract osteoclasts

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5
Q

What is Wolff’s law in bone remodeling?

A

mechanical stress and grav ity provoke microfracturing and remodeling which leads to a formation of a stronger bone

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6
Q

What is the role of parathyroid hormone in bone remodeling?

A

PTH stimulate osteoclasts to reabsorb bone mineral
increases the production of an active form of vitamin A
comes from parathyroid glands

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7
Q

What is the role of calcitonin in bone remodeling?

A

slows down the activity of osteoclasts

released from thyroid gland

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8
Q

What is the role of sex hormones in bone remodeling?

A

testosterone and estrogen
stimulate osteoblasts and slow down osteoclasts
puberty - osteoblasts build more bone

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9
Q

How does menopause affect bone remodeling?

A

Dramatic decrease in estrogen leads to disturbance in balance of osteoblast and osteoclasts
this leads to low calcium and low vitamin d
can lead to osteoporosis

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10
Q

Can men be affected by osteoporosis?

A

Yes
decrease in testosterone happens with age
drop is not as dramatic as in women who reach menopause

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11
Q

What is the first stage of bone repair?

A

blood from ruptured blood vessels forms a hematoma, which provides a temporary splint

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12
Q

What is the second stage of bone repair?

A

a fibrous connective tissue connects the ends of a broken bone known as fibrocartilagenous callus
capillaries frow into hematoma
macrophages remove cell debris
fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts move into the area
release collagen, cartilage, and spongy bone

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13
Q

What is the third stage of bone repair?

A

bony callus
osteoblasts slowly make spongy bone that replaces fibrocartilage
spongy bone lacks strength, therefore excessive bone is formed
bone remodeling follows - osteoclasts remove excessive bone tissue restoring bone tissue much like the original

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14
Q

What is intramembranous ossification simply described as?

A

the formation of bone from fibrous connective tissue

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15
Q

What type of bones are forms through intramembranous ossification?

A

flat bones of the skull
clavicle
axial ribs

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16
Q

Describe the process of intramembranous ossification?

A

mesenchymal cells of the fibrous connective tissue turn into osteoblasts
osteoblasts secrete bone matrix
trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes
spongy bone is formed
the process of differentiation of mesenchymal cells continues on the outer surfaces of the bone
new osteoblasts and osteocytes cannot penetrate into the center because of mineralization of the matrix
compact bone is formed on the surface

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17
Q

What is endochondral ossification simply described as?

A

cartilage is substituted by the bone

this is the process associated with fetal bone development, day-to-day bone growth, and fracture repair

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18
Q

What bones are formed through endochondral ossification?

A

long bones such as
femur
humerus

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19
Q

Describe the process of endochonral ossification

A

mesenchymal cells turn into chondroblasts
chondroblasts generate hyaline cartilage
a cartilaginous cast of the bone is formed
in the diaphysis of the future bone, cartilage is substituted by the osseous tissue and the primary ossification center forms
secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses of the forming bone
epiphyses ossify
an avascular band of hyaline cartilage, the epiphyseal plate, forms between the two centers
this allows bone to grow in length

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20
Q

When do epiphyseal plates close? What does this mean for growth?

A

18 for females
21 for males
this means bones cannot elongate after that age

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21
Q

How do bones grow in length?

A

bone growth in length is due to the epiphyseal plate
cartilage on the epiphyseal side continues to grow (growth zone)
as new layers are formed, older cartilage layers get closer to the diaphysis (transformation zone)
eventually they become ossifies (ossification zone)
bone elongates

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22
Q

How is bone length growth regulated?

A

Groth hormone

low levels of GH can lead to dwarfism

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23
Q

How do bones grow in width?

A

bone thickness varies during the life of an individual based on the stress placed on the osseous tissue
increase in thickness is due to periosteal ossification (growth by opposition)
this process is similar to bone remodeling

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24
Q

What is synarthrosis?

A

joins the bones that do not move at all
this is a fibrous type of atriculation
bones are held together by dense irregular connective tissue
there are three types: gamphosis, suture, and syndesmosis

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25
What is gamphosis?
A type of synathrosis con peg and socket joint tooth joint to jaw
26
What is a suture?
synthrosis example a thing layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that connects bones of the skull provides no motion between the bones, but allows bones to grow
27
What is syndesmosis?
a joint in which fibrous ligament connects the bones and allows limited amount of motion ex: tibio-fibular articulations
28
What is amphiarthrosis?
provides limited motion between bones cartilaginous type of articulation bones are lined and held together by cartilage ex: epiphyseal plates, rib-sternum joint, intervertebral articulations, and the symphysis pubis
29
What is diarthrosis?
aka synovial joins bones that move a lot joints have synovial cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid
30
What is a synovial cavity?
space between the bones
31
What is an articular capsule?
consists of fibrous capsule, outer layer, that provides strength has synovial capsule which produces the synovial fluid and contains proprioceptors and bursae
32
What are bursae?
extensions of the synovial membrane that makes a sack where ligaments, tendons, and bone run on each other contain synovial fluid to decrease friction
33
What does the synovial fluid do?
lubricates the joints provides nutrients to chondrocytes remove waste products reduces stress
34
What are bones in diarthrosis lined with?
hyaline cartilage which covers but does not bind the bones | also absorbs compression
35
What contributes to stability of diarthrosis?
``` articular capsule articular surface ligaments tendons bursae ```
36
Where are the ligaments in diarthrosis?
can be capsular, intracapsular, and extracapsular | contain proprioceptors
37
Describe a gliding joint
the articular surface is flat, allowing a slight gliding motion found in: sternum and clavicle scapula and clavicle carpal and tarsal bones
38
Describe a hinge joint
occur where the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone allows flexion and extension found between: humerus and ulna tibia and femur
39
Describe a pivot joint
characterized by the pointed surface of one bone articulating with a ring formed by bone and cartilage allows pronation and supination found between: radius and ulna atlas and axis vertebrae
40
Describe ellipsoidal joint
oval shaped end of one bone fits into an oval-shaped cavity in another bound allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction found between: bones of the wrist radius and carpals metacarpals and phalanges
41
Describe saddle joints
both articulating surfaces are saddle shaped, but one surface is concave and the other is convex this joint is only found in apes only found between metacarpal of thumb and trapezium allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and slight rotation
42
Describe ball and socket joints
``` consists of a ball-like protrusion of one bone fitting into a rounded socket formed by another bone allows all movement examples: shoulder joint (between scapula and humerus) hip joint (femur and hip bones) ```
43
Simply describe skeletal muscles
associated with the bony skeleton consist of large striated cells all skeletal muscles are controlled voluntarily by the somatic nervous system
44
What are the four properties of muscle?
excitability - ability to receive and respond to a stimulus contractibility - ability to generate force as it shortens extensibility - ability to be stretched elasticity - ability to return to its original shape after contraction or extension
45
What are the functions of muscle?
movement - muscles act on the bones of the skeleton, they are responsible for pumping blood and propelling substances through hollow organs maintaining posture - muscles adjust the position of the body with respect to gravity stabilizing joints - muscles exert tension around the joint thermoregulation - muscles generate heat i.e. shivering
46
Describe the anatomy of muscle
it is stretched between two bones origin is attached to an immovable bone insertion is attached to a movable bone
47
Describe muscle attachments to bones
may be direct when epimysium is fused with periosteum | may be indirect when a muscle is attached via tendon or aponeurosis
48
What is the hierarchy of a muscle, starting at the smallest point?
``` muscle fibers (cells) endomysium surrounds muscle fiber fascicle is group of cells perimysium surrounds fascicles epimysium encases entire muscle (groups of fascicles) ```
49
What is the neuromuscular junction?
the connection between an axon terminal and a muscle fiber | each muscle cell is electrically isolated and is stimulated via individual neuromuscular junction
50
What happens at neuromuscular junction?
neurons release the neurotransmitter achetylcholine (Ach) to stimulate myocytes each muscle cell is electrically isolated and is stimulated via individual neuromuscular junctions
51
What is sarcoplasm?
cytoplasm of muscle cells | contains myoglobin and mitochondria
52
What is the sarcolemma?
the cell membrane of muscle cells
53
What are T-tubules?
transverse tubules infoldings of the sarcolemma conduct electrical impulses from the surface of the cell to the terminal cisternae
54
What are myofibrils?
the contractile elements (cystoskeleton) of the muscle cell | account for ~80% of cell volume
55
Describe the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell that surrounds each myofibril stores Ca2+
56
What do myofibrils consist of?
thick filaments (mostly myosin) thin filaments that contain actin, tropomyosin, and troponin actin - forms cross-bridges with myosin tropomyosin - the backbone troponin - activates and deactivates actin
57
What is the hierarchy of muscle anatomy from large to small?
``` Muscle fascicle muscle fiber myofibril myofilament ```
58
How are myofilaments arranged?
in a parallel manner with areas of overlap between the thick and thin filaments
59
What is a sarcomere?
a repeating segment of a myofibril stretched between the adjacent z-lines
60
How are sarcomeres organized?
H-zone - thick filaments only with no overlap A-band - the entire lentgth of thick filaments with or without overlap I-band - thin filaments only M- anchors thick filaments Z - connects thin filaments "Zoe is a horrible mom"

BIO 231 Anatomy OIT (9 decks)

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