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Lecture Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major classes of herniation?

A

Supratentorial herniation

Infratentorial herniation

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2
Q

Supratentorial Herniation

A

Structure normally above the tentorial notch

  1. Uncal (transtentorial)
  2. Central
  3. Cingulate (subfalcine)
  4. Transcalvarial
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3
Q

Infratentorial herniation

A

Structure normally below the tentorial notch

  1. Upward cerebellar or transtentorial
  2. Tonsillar (downward cerebellar)
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4
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale

A

Test measures the motor response, verbal response, and eye opening responses

  • Assign number for each bucket
  • lower number=less function
  • high number=more function

Final score:

  • Mild=13-15
  • Moderate Disability- (9-12)
  • Severe Disability-(3-8)
  • Vegetative State= Less than 3
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5
Q

Coma

A

unconscious state

  • no meaningful response
  • no voluntary activités
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6
Q

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) Deficiency:

  • where is the vitamin found?
  • Causes?
  • Symptoms?
  • Signs?
A

Vitamin is found in meats

Causes: Perniscious Anemia (major); strick vegetarian diet, inability to reabsorb vitamin, autoimmune diseases

Symptoms:
Lack of coordination, pain, numbness, tingling, sensory loss, weakness, loss of deep tendon reflexes, Myelin Damage, Paresthesia,

Signs: Lhemerrite’s Sign

  • AKA barber chair phenomenon
  • classic finding in MS
  • electrrical sensation that runs down the back and into the limbs
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7
Q

Vitamin B1 (Beriberi) Deficiency:

  • where is the vitamin found?
  • Causes?
  • Symptoms?
  • Signs?
A

Vitamin- breaksdown carbohydrates and decreases utilization of amino acids
-if defective, the body will utilize ketone bondies- Main=Beta-Hydroxybutrate, acetone (fruity breathe)

Symptoms:
-Numbness, Tingling/burning sensation in extremities, Leg weaknesss, pain, Myelin damage in PNS and DNS(polyneuritis)

Signs:

1) Karsakoff Syndrome
- Chronic/irreversible
- Short Term Memory Loss
- Alcoholic Dementia
- Comfabulation
2) Wernicke Encephalpathy
- Acute/reversible
- Ataxia
- Confusion
- motor/memory loss

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8
Q

Aging Brain

A

not as many dendritic spines and atrophy of dendritic processes

Slow down:

  • exercise brain with puzzles ect.
  • maintain proper optimum brain fxn
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9
Q

Brocas area

A

Involved in Speech

-44 and 45; lateralized on L side of brain

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10
Q

Wernickes area

A

Involved in comprehension of written in spoken language

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11
Q

Stroke Knocks out MCA

A

Middle Cerebral Artery causes sensory deficients in face and arm (Upper extremities)`

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12
Q

Broadmanns area

A

1,2,3a,3b
3a=propioception for muscle spindles-where your body parts are in space
2=Golgi Gendon Organs -sense of tension on tendon
-Joint Sensory=conscious proprioception
3b/1=Cutaneous-pain and temp on skin

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13
Q

Global Aphasia

A

Destroying a number of areas associated with language

-broacs,wernickes anything else

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14
Q

Aphasia

A

difficulty of language

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15
Q

Wernickes aphasia

A

won’t understand what another person is saying

  • also called receptive aphasia
  • lateralized on L side
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16
Q

Brocas aphasia

A

lesion on area 44 and 45

  • also called expressivity aphasia
  • struggle expressing themselves
  • writing effecting
  • lateralized to left side of brain
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17
Q

Postcentral Gyrus

A

Sensory Function

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18
Q

Precentral Gyrus

A

Motor Function

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19
Q

Number of neurons for a 2 y.o vs a newborn

A

About the same

  • not growing more
  • more complextivity/branching which allows more synapsing to occur
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20
Q

Cisterns

A

Widened places in the subarachnoid space

  • Ambient cistern
  • Quadrageminal cistern
  • Interpenduncular cistern
  • Cisterna magna
  • Pontine AKA prepontine cistern
  • Cistern of the lamina terminals
  • Chiasmic cistern
  • lateral cerebellomedullary cistern
  • cerebellopontine cistern
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21
Q

Golgi stain

A

(silver strain)

-stains neurons, dendrites and axons

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22
Q

Nissl Stain

A

(stains the RER)

  • shows all the other types of the cells inside the cell bodies besides the neurons
  • stain catches all types of cells including neurons and non-neurons (glial cells)
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23
Q

Weigert Stain

A

(silver stain)

-stains myelinated axons

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24
Q

Supragranular layer

A

last to develop embryologically

Composed of:

1) Molecular layer-very few neurons, dominantly fibers talking to other neurons
2) External granular layer-small population of neurons
3) External Pyramidal layer- pyramidal neurons are located here
4) internal granular layer

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25
Infragranular layer
mostly EFFERENT fibers | -most fibers are being sent away to someplace else
26
Thickness of cortex varies from region to region
Motor cortex=thickest visual cortex=thinnest -both motor and visual have 6 layers -most cortices have 6 layers but some have 3 layers=hippocampal cortex
27
Different type of glial cells
astrocytes - oligodendrocytes 10: 1 glial to neuron cells
28
oligodendrocytes
myelin producing in the axons in the CNS | -similar to Schwann cells in the PNS
29
What is the most excitatory Neurotransmitter?
glutamate - overabundance in the blood - bleed in the brain can pour excitatory NT in the brain which can over excite neurons to death.
30
Astrocytes function in the Blood brain barrier
surround the endothelial cells, which act as a gate keep er and allow materials to enter/exit the CNS -not considered to create the BBB
31
The most common inhibitory NT for inhibitory neurons
GABA
32
What happens when GABA is released
downstream neurons lower in activity
33
Schizophrenia
may involve a malfunction in chandelier cells - in the prefrontal cortex, reduction of GABA release from the chandelier cells - decrease in the inhibitory activity causes an over activity of the excitatory activity
34
Number of neurons in the cortex: | -male vs female
Female=19 billion neurons | male=23 billion neurons
35
When are all basic parts off a brain present in fetus?
100 days
36
Prenatal vs postnatal dendritic developement
Not the amount of neurons but the connectivity The dendritic trees branch and connect=create networks -increases number of synapses
37
Wilder Penfield
neurosurgeon who lived in 20th century | -figured out the various brain functions
38
Penfield Homunculus
Representation of the conscious body parts of the brain | -Disproportionate sizes=face and hands take up half of the region in the post central gyrus and precentral gyrus
39
Primary Sensory Cortex (S1) of the brain | -what area of the brain
1,2,3
40
Primary Motor cortex (M1) of the brain
4
41
Posterior parietal cortex
5,7 - 5 is involved in sensory associate - integrative area of the cortex=integrating sensory input
42
Visual cortex of the brain
17, 18, 19 - primary cortex=17 - stimaltion of 17 will emit spots of light on the patient - areas 18/19 involved in visual memory
43
Premotor cortex of the brain
6 -house the supplemental cortex (M2) -where we store our learned motor movments "remember how to make a motion=shoe tieing)
44
Stroke that causes damage in the premotor cortex
cause people to forget how to perform simple daily activities -such as tying shoes and buttoning shirts
45
Frontal eye field of brain
8 | -eye movement
46
Prefrontal cortex
9,10, 11, 12, 46, 47 | -judgement, motivation, reasoning, personality, working memory
47
working memory
temporary memory that are used for brief moments but are erased upon dissociation of task
48
Wernicke's area
``` 22, 39, 40 -LANGUAGE AREA -lateralized in the left hemisphere of the brain 40=written and spoken language 39= comprehension of written language 22=comprehension of spoken language ```
49
Broca's area
44,45 - inferior frontal Grus of left hemisphere - involved in language - motor memory in how to speak - gramatical constructions and writing language
50
Auditory cortex
41, 42 - aka Heschl's Gyrus - where hearing is first processed
51
Area 52 of brain
involved in auditory process along with he auditory cortex (41,42)
52
Primary Gustatory cortex of the brain
43 | -taste
53
Dysgeusia
Gustatory elusions
54
Higher Auditory function of the brain
21 - processing the meaning of something said - auditory memory, language, visual
55
Acrhomatopsia
patient cannot see, think, imagine color - lose any memory of color - lesion has to be bilateral
56
Akinotopsia
Loss of the ability to perceive motion
57
Area 20 of brain
similar in function to area 21 | -inovled in higher order visual processing and visual memory
58
Emotional recognition of faces areas of brain
34,36 | -patients who have lost this area cannot recognize the expression of facial features
59
Where is MIII located?
in the cingulate culcus
60
S2 of the brain
receives input from S1 - projects into the amygdala and hippocampus - give you emotional valence with sensory inputs - ex: fear reaction of recognition of snake in a box
61
Arcuate Fasiculus
connects Broac's and Wernicke area | -area 39 and 44/45/22 (speech)
62
Middle Frontal Gyrus
AKA dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) | -left PFC important for WORKING MEMORY
63
Superior Front Gyrus
Involved in self awareness (mental zone lose track of time)
64
Angular Gyrus
Behind the supra marginal gyrus Involved in: - quantitative function-left hemisphere - Key area for cross-modal associations-integrating sensory and motors - integration point for hearing, touching, and vision
65
Lesion at the angular gyrus causes:
loss of quantitative function - interpreting visual symbols - loss of interpretation of metaphor AFFECTS phonetic base language but not ideogram language
66
Dyslexia
may be a problem with angular gyrus - patients can read ideogram based language much better than phonetic based language - intelligence is not altered
67
Synaesthesia
where the person will have one sensory expierence/input and experience it dually with another - ex: see colors when they see numbers - cross modal talk - lesion at angular gyrus

Neuroatamoy (7 decks)

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