Lecture quiz 4/14/23 (Friday)

Question 1

What do you call solid fat?

Answer 1

fat

Question 2

What do you call liquid fat?

Answer 2

oil

Question 3

is fat a general term?

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

What are fats?

Answer 4

fats ( glycerides) are a subclass of LIPIDS
= compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents (ether)

Question 5

What are the several subclasses of lipids?

Answer 5

glycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, lipoproteins, etc.

Question 6

What class has the greatest significance in nutrition?

Answer 6

Lipids

Lipid class of greatest significance in nutrition (for us) are the glycerides including mostly triglycerides, but also some diglycerides and monoglycerides

Question 7

Do all glycerides have a glycerol backbone?

Answer 7

yes
mono - 1 fatty acid
di - 2 fatty acids
tri - 3 fatty acids that are attached (triglycerides)

Question 8

what is the more formally names version of glycerides?

Answer 8

acyglycerols

Question 9

What are known to be intermediates during the digestion of triglycerides?

Answer 9

• monoglycerides
• diglycerides

Question 10

what does R stand for?

Answer 10

fatty acid

Question 11

what is the nature of fat?

Answer 11

it depends on what fatty acids are connected to the glycerol molecule

Question 12

What are fats composed of?

Answer 12

CHO but little oxygen in relation to carbon and hydrogen
- they are highly digestible

Question 13

how much more energy does fat yield compared to carbohydrates and protein?

Answer 13

2.25 times more

Question 14

How many carbons do feedstuff have?

Answer 14

16 or 18 carbons either saturated or unsaturated

Question 15

what are saturated fats?

Answer 15

no double bond

Question 16

what are unsaturated fats?

Answer 16

double bonds

Question 17

What are the building blocks of fat?

Answer 17

fatty acids

Question 18

what are VFAs?

Answer 18

VFA - volatile fatty acids = produced from microbial fermentation of carbohydrates in the rumen and hindgut fermentation

Acetic acid = 2 carbons - CH3COOH
Propionic acid = 3 carbons - CH3CH2COOH
Butyric acid = 4 carbons - CH3CH2CH2COOH

Question 19

What are the short-chain fatty acids?

Answer 19

short-chain fatty acids are digested straight into the wall of the rumen.

acetic
propionic
butyric

Question 20

What is the major end product for hindgut fermentator/ ruminants?

Answer 20

VFA
can be produced via cellulose, hemicellulose, and simple sugars during fermentation process in the digestive track

Question 21

what is an example of a long-chained unsaturated fatty acid that is not essential?

Answer 21

Oleic Acid (18:1)
- found in olive oil, animal fat, wagyu

Question 22

What are the long-chain saturated fatty acids?

Answer 22

palmitic acid- 16 carbons = 16:0
stearic acid - 18 carbons = 18:0

Question 23

what are examples of essential long-chained unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 23

Linoleic acid - 18 carbon 2 double bonds (18:2)
Linolenic - 18 carbon 3 double bonds (18:3)
Arachidonic acid - 20 carbons 4 double bonds ( Essential only for cats) = 20:4

Question 24

What do fatty acids have in a carbon chain?

Answer 24

methyl end and a carboxyl group in another end

Question 25

What happens if there is a double bond present?

Answer 25

changes the shape

Question 26

What happens to saturated fat in room temp?

Answer 26

solid

Question 27

What happens to unsaturated fat in room temp?

Answer 27

liquid

Question 28

what do we call a fatty acid if it is saturated with hydrogens?

Answer 28

SUFA or saturated fatty acids

Question 29

what do we call fatty acids if have 1 double bond?

Answer 29

MUFA or monounsaturated fatty acids

Question 30

what do we call fatty acids if there are 2 or more double bonds?

Answer 30

PUFA or polyunsaturated fatty acids

Question 31

What is the difference between Omega 3 vs Omega 6 PUFA?

Answer 31

omega 3 - count carbons until the double bond from the methyl end omega 6 - count carbons until the first double bond from the methyl end this affects their health properties and bioactivity IMPORTANT TO BE BALANCED

Question 32

Omega 3 and Omega 6 can be used to make other omega 3 and 6's. T/F

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Why do we bother naming as omega-3 or omega -6?

Answer 33

because fatty acids within families have similar properties, but properties differ between families

Question 34

what is the simplest form of omega 6 acid?

Answer 34

linoleic acid

Question 35

What are the enzymes that elongate omega acids?

Answer 35

6-desaturase elongase 5-desaturase

Question 36

What does Omega 6 do?

Answer 36

- pro-inflammatory eicosanoids (eicosanoids are hormones which most have 20 carbons) - increase blood pressure, heart rate, blood clotting, immune response, and inflammation

Question 37

What does Omega 3 do?

Answer 37

- anti-inflammatory eicosanoids - oppose eicosanoids of omega 6 -- lowers blood pressure, heart rate, blood clotting, immune response and inflammation

Question 38

to stay healthy what needs to be done?

Answer 38

balanced omega 3 and 6

Question 39

what is the perfect balanced ratio of omega 6 to omega 3?

Answer 39

ideal diet = 2/1 to 4/1 western diet = 15/2 to 17/1

Question 40

What is an example how to get the ratio of omega 6 to omega 3?

Answer 40

serving of food that has 30 grams of omega-6 fatty acids and 2 grams of omega 3 30/2 = 15 = ratio = 15:1

Question 41

What are the functions of fat in animal diets?

Answer 41

1. energy = 2.25 times as much energy as carbs or protein 2. provide EFA's 3. services as a carrier for absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K) In addition dust control - 0.5-1% does a good job improves palatability of some diets value-added animal products

Question 42

What type of feeds should contain antioxidants

Answer 42

feeds containing oils, especially with high amounts of PUFA

Question 43

What type of antioxidants that are made commercially?

Answer 43

- BHA ( butylated hydroxyanisole) - BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene)

Question 44

do humans make long chain fatty acids?

Answer 44

no not very well

Question 45

Value- added animal products have?

Answer 45

produced from hens fed diet containing ground flaxseeds (good source of the omega 3 linolenic acid)

Question 46

are hens good at making long chain fatty acids?

Answer 46

yes

Question 47

T/F: most feedstuffs contain low levels of fat, generally less than 5%?

Answer 47

true

Question 48

T/F: Fat supplements are sometimes used to increase the energy density of animal diets.

Answer 48

true

Question 49

What are the typical fat content of diets?

Answer 49

swine and poultry 5-6% (greater levels will block feeders) ruminants 3-6%. too much fat (>6%) will reduce fiber digestion in the rumen horse <5% the diet of dogs and cats can vary widely in fat content (5 to 66%) if the diet is balanced for all nutrients. = typical diets are between 5-9% fat