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Anatamy and Physiology > Lecture Test 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

List the functions of the skeletal system.

A 
Support
Mineral storage
Lipid storage
Blood cell production
Protection
Leverage (force of motion)
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2
Q

Shapes of bones

A 
Flat: skull
Long: femur
Irregular: vertebrae
Sesamoid: patella
Short: carpals/tarsals
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3
Q

What is the composition of bone matrix? What substance comprises
about two thirds of the matrix? What percentage do cells contribute?

A

Bone matrix is 2/3
Collagen: Ca(PO4)2 is 1/3
Cells contribute 2%

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4
Q

What is the histological difference between compact bone and spongy
bone? Which one has osteons (Haversian systems)? Which one
bone marrow?

A

Osteons (Haversian system): compact bone (looks like bulls eye)
Bone marrow: spongy bone (looks spiky with spaces)

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5
Q
  1. What is the difference between endochondral and intramembranous
    ossification? Which type is most common in humans?
A

Endo: in cartilage, develops first as hyaline cartilage then ossifies into bone. Most common in humans.
Intra: dermal ossification, gives rise to clavicle and mandible

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6
Q
  1. What effect does exercise have on bone?
A

Increases bone density and mass

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7
Q
  1. How do bones grow in length? What two hormones control growth at the epiphyseal plate?
A

Length is added at the epi plates where cartilage is laid down then later changes into bone.
Hormones: HGH and thyroxine

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8
Q

How do appositional growth and bone remodeling take place?</p>

A

Must break down bone with osteoclast then rebuild with osteoblast to widen or repair bone

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9
Q

How does bone deposition and bone destruction vary throughout life?

A

Early life: deposition exceeds destruction
Age 20-40: deposition equals destruction
Age 40+: destruction exceeds deposition

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10
Q

For what mineral is the skeleton the primary reservoir? What two
hormones control the blood level of this mineral?

A

Calcium, regulated by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

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11
Q

How do osteopenia and osteoporosis differ?

A

Osteopenia: Naturally occurring bone loss with age. Does not effect function.
Osteoporosis: Severe, abnormal bone loss. Affects normal function of bone.

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12
Q

Name the two major divisions of the skeletal system and the major
components of each.

A

Axial Appendicular
Skull Pectoral girdle
Vertebrae Upper extremities (arms)
Sternum Pelvic girdle
Ribs Lower extremities (legs)

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13
Q

Define Sutures

A

Immovable joints in the skull: saggital, coronal, lambdoidal, squamous

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14
Q

Define Paired Cranial Bones

A

Parietal and temporal

all other cranial bones are unpaired

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15
Q

Define Unpaired Facial Bones

A

mandible and vomer

all others are paired

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16
Q

4 Skull Bones containing Paranasal Sinuses

A

Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary
Frontal

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17
Q

Define Fontanelles

A

Cranial openings in newborns aka “soft spots”

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18
Q

Be able to distinguish the five types of vertebrae.

A 
7 cervical
12 thoracic (facets for ribs)
5 lumbar (bear most weight)
sacrum and coccyx (fused)
Hole = transverse process
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19
Q

What are the four normal curvatures of the vertebral column and when
do they develop?
What are the names for and location of the abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column?

A

Normal Abnormal
Primary: during fetal life Scoliosis: lateral curvature
Secondary: when learn to walk Kyphosis: cervical curvature
Lordosis: lumbar curvature

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20
Q

What Forms the Ankle

A

Medial malleolus of tibia and

Lateral malleolus of fibula

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21
Q

What Forms the Brest bone

A

Sternum

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22
Q

What Forms the Chin

A

mandible

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23
Q

What Forms the Collar Bone

A

clavicle

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24
Q

What Forms the Forehead

A

frontal

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25
What Forms the Heel
calcanus
26
What Forms the Knee Cap
patella
27
What Forms the Nasal Septum
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
28
What Forms the Shoulder Blade
scapula
29
What Forms the Toes and Fingers
phalanges
30
How does the pelvis of a female differ from that of a male? Why?
Female: rounder opening, sacrum flatter, angle at pubis greater than 90 degrees Male: heart-shaped opening, sacrum more curved inward, angle at pubis less than 90 degrees CHILD BEARING!!!
31
According to the functional classification of joints, how would a suture between two cranial bones be classified? Structurally, these joints are classified as ________________________.
Functional: Synarthrosis (immovable) Note: amphathrosis (slightly movable), diathrosis (freely movable)
32
Name the six joints classified as synovial joints? How would they be classified according to the functional classification of joints?
Gliding Ball and socket Pivot Ellipsoid Hinge Saddle Classified as diarthrosis.
33
Define abduction-adduction
``` add = toward ab = away ```
34
Define circumduction
Circular motion without rotation
35
Define dorsiflexion-plantar flexion
``` dorsi = toes point up plantar = toes point down ```
36
Define elevation-depression
``` elev = jaw closing depress = jaw opening ```
37
Define eversion-inversion
``` ever = out inver = in ```
38
Define flexion-extension
``` flex = decrease angle exten = increase angle ```
39
Define Opposition
thumb
40
Define Pronation-Supination
Radius and Ulna
41
Define Protraction-Retraction
``` pro = jaw out retrac = jaw closed ```
42
Define Rotation
turning around an axis.
43
What are the characteristics of muscle tissue and what functions do muscles perform in the body?
CHARACTERISTICS FUNCTIONS Contractibility Skeletal movement Maintain body position Excitability Support soft tissues Guard openings Extensibility Maintain body temperature Store nutrients
44
23. What is the smallest functional unit of a striated muscle fiber?
Sarcomere
45
A Band
made up of think filaments
46
Actin
thin filaments
47
Cisternae
Concentrte Calcium and release calcium into the sarcomers
48
Endomysium
surrounds individual muscle fibers, contains capillaries and nerve fibers. Contains myosatellite (stem) cells that repair damage.
49
Epimysium
Exterior collagen layer that separates muscle from surrounding tissues.
50
Fasicle
Bundle of Fibers
51
Fiber
Muscle Fibers
52
I Band
Made up of thin Filaments
53
M Line
Midline of sarcomere, center of A Bands
54
Myofilament
Bundles of protein filaments, make up myofibrils
55
Myosin
think filaments
56
Perimysium
surrounds muscle fiber bindles, contains blood vessels and nerve supply to fasicles
57
Sarcomere
contractile units of muscle, the structural units of myofibrils
58
Sarcolemma
cell membrane of a muscle fiber
59
Sarcoplasma
cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
60
Sacroplasmic Reticulum
membranous structure surrounding each myofibril, helps transmit AP to myofibril
61
Think Filament
Myosin
62
Thin Filament
Actin
63
Transverse (T) Tubules
Transmit action potential through cell
64
Z Line
Limits of sarcomere, short contract
65
Of what specific protein are the thick filaments composed? The thin filaments
Thick-myosin | Thin- Actin
66
What substance is the "key" that unlocks the active site on the actin so so that the myosin heads can bind?
Calcium
67
As the thin filaments slide past the thick filaments during contraction, what portion of the sarcomere also shortens?
Z Line
68
What is the role of the T tubules in muscle contraction?
Transmit action potential Allow entire muscle fiber to contract simultaneously Enhance communication between muscle fibers during contraction
69
What is a neuromuscular junction and what are its component parts?
Location of neural stimulation. Axon end at Synaptic terminal. The stimulus passes to the motor end plate. The space between the synaptic terminal and motor end plate is called the Cleft.
70
What happens when an action potential arrives at the synaptic knob? What neurotransmitter substance is released?
Stimulus occurs, there's a latent period before contraction starts, the contraction occurs then relaxation.
71
Define the Muscle relate to contraction Muscle Twitch
muscle receives a stimulus
72
Define the Muscle relate to contraction Letent Period
before contraction starts after stimulus occurs | time required for the release of CA2+
73
Define the Muscle relate to contraction Period of Contraction
the time during actual muscle contraction
74
Define the Muscle relate to contraction Period of Relaxation
the time during which CA2+ are returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum by active transport.
75
Define the Muscle relate to contraction Graded Muscle Response
contractions of whole muscles and can vary in terms of strength and degree of contraction.
76
Define the Muscle relate to contraction Wave Summation
stimulating a muscle cell before it has relaxed from a previous stimulus. causes contractions to build on one another producing a wave pattern.
77
Define the Muscle relate to contraction Incomplete Tetanus
each stimulus causes a contraction to be initiated when the muscle has only partly relaxed from the previous contraction.
78
Define the Muscle relate to contraction Complete Tetanus
stimuli to a particular muscle are repeated so fast that decrease of tension between stimuli cant be detected.
79
Define the Muscle relate to contraction Treppe
the gradual increase in muscular contraction following fast repeated stimulation.
80
What is a motor unit? How does the size of a motor unit affect the precision of movement?
1 motor neuron and ALL the muscle fibers it innervates within the same muscle fewer fibers = more precise control more fibers = less precise control
81
What is the difference between isotonic and isometric exercise? Which type do we use when performing physical exercises such as situps or pushups
ISOTONIC=Muscle changes length, most physical exercise ISOMETRIC=Muscle tension increases but does not change length (same meter, same length)
82
What is muscle tone and what is responsible for this condition? Why is it important?
State of partial contraction of muscle. Keeps muscles healthy Prevents atrophy Maintains posture
83
What role do the following play in providing energy for muscle contraction? - ADP - ATP - Aerobic Metabolism - Creatine Phosphate - Glycolysis
ADP, ATP, Creatinine, Phosphate=Involved in energy production Glycolysis=Anaerobic, glycogen is stored in muscle to make ATP
84
How does a muscle obtain energy during peak activity?
Uses glycolysis during peak activity
85
What cause muscle fatigue? Why is it said to create an "oxygen debt"?
Strenuous exercise creates unusual oxygen demand as ATP production tries to keep up with demand, causes lactic acid build up.
86
How do cardiac muscle and smooth muscle differ from skeletal muscle? (See Table 9.4, page 273.) Why are these two types of muscle tissue said to have the property of automaticity? Skeletal muscles are striated and Voluntary
Cardiac muscles= Striated and Involuntary Smooth muscles= Not striated and Involuntary does have Actin and Myosin but not arranged in rows in the sarcomeres so is not striated Does not require conscious control to function normally
87
Define Antagonist in reference to muscle
opposite movement | e.g. flex and extend of forearm - the biceps and triceps are antagonists
88
Define Insertion in reference to muscle
More moveable part of bone (usually proximal to body)
89
Define Origin in reference to muscle
Least moveable part (usually distal to body)
90
Define Prime Mover in reference to muscle
Agonist
91
Define Synergist in reference to muscle
Smaller muscles the assist the prime mover
92
Be able to recognize examples of the various ways in which muscle names are derived
``` Tricep= 3 heads Biceps= 2 heads ```
93
Be able to locate major muscles as to the general region of the body in which they are found and recognize in general what their actions might be
Quadricpes femoris=Rectis femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Intermedius Region=Thigh General Actions= flex and extend
94
What are the two major divisions of the nervous system and how are they further subdivided?
2 Divisions = Sensory and Motor Sensory is divided into Somatic and Visceral Motor is divided into Somatic and Autonomic
95
Name the three parts of a neuron and give the functions of each.
1. Dendrite: impulses go in 2. Axon: impulses go out 3. Soma: cell body
96
Differentiate among the four structural types of neurons (anaxonic, bipolar, multipolar, and unipolar) and state where (in general) they are located in the body
Just know Multipolar is several dendrites and 1 axon
97
What are the three functional classes of neurons?
1. Motor 2. Sensory 3. Interneurons
98
Name and briefly state the function of the four types of neuroglia found in the CNS
Ependymal cells Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia
99
What type of glial cells are responsible for producing a complete myelin sheath around the axons of the PNS?
Schwann cell
100
What factors are responsible for maintaining the resting membrane potential of a nerve cell?
sodium concentration positive on the outside negative on the inside.
101
49. List the steps involved in the generation of an action potential
Just know first step is increased permeability of the membrane to SODIUM
102
Differentiate between saltatory conduction and continuous conduction and indicate which one is faster
Saltatory=fastest because it is myelinated and skips from node to node Continous=(unmyelinated = continuous and slower)
103
What are the main parts of a synapse and how are neurons able to communicate at a synapse
pre-synaptic = transmitter sub post-synaptic = neuron= receptor uses Neuro Transmitter Substance
104
52. List the meninges of the CNS in order from outside to inside
Dura mater = outside Arachnoid mater = middle Pia mater = inside
105
Describe in general the organization of the spinal cord, particularly how the dorsal and ventral roots unite to form a spinal nerve. Which root is for motor information and which is for sensory information?
Spinal Cord Dorsal Root=sensory white Matter= outside Note: when dorsal and ventral roots gray matter= inside leave the spinal cord together they (vice versa in brain) are mixed Ventral Root=completely motor
106
54. What is the cauda equina?
the roots at the bottom of the spinal cord
107
55. Define a nerve plexus and name the four nerve plexuses found in the body. Damage to which one might result in respiratory distress?
-Cervical plexus affects breathing
108
56. List the five elements of a simple reflex arc. (Fig. 12-13, page 377) What is the minimum number of neurons involved?
- Receptor - detects change -Sensory neuron - Interneuron (association neuron) - Motor neuron - Effexor/effector (skeletal, cardio, smooth, muscle or glands)
109
What is Babinski's reflex and what is its significance?
- the big toe moves toward the top of the foot and the other toes fan out after the sole is firmly stroked - It's normal in infants, but indicates spinal cord damage in adults

Anatamy and Physiology (10 decks)

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