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PSYC2020 > Lecture1 > Flashcards

Lecture1 Flashcards

1
Q

Medial:

A

Towards midline

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2
Q

Lateral:

A

Away from midline

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3
Q

Dorsal / Superior:

A

Towards back / Top of head

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4
Q

Ventral / Inferior:

A

Towards chest / Bottom of head

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5
Q

Anterior:

A

Towards nose end

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6
Q

Posterior:

A

Towards tail end

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7
Q

Frontal/Coronal plane:

A

Sliced across left to right

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8
Q

Sagittal plane:

A

Sliced vertically through the middle

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9
Q

Horizontal plane:

A

Sliced horizontally through the middle

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10
Q

Cross Section:

A

Sliced at right angle across tract of nerves

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11
Q

The vertebrate nervous system is composed of what two divisions?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) & Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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12
Q

Where is the CNS located?

A

Within the Brain & Spinal cord

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13
Q

Where is the PNS located?; What does it do?

A

Outside the skull & spine; Transmits information to & from the CNS

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14
Q

What are Nuclei?

A

Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

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15
Q

What are Ganglia?

A

Clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

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16
Q

Name the four regions that divide the spine:

A

Cervical; Thoracic; Lumbar & Sacral

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17
Q

The two major divisions of the PNS are:

A

Somatic & Autonomic nervous systems

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18
Q

Which division of the PNS interacts with the external environment? Afferent nerves carry…; Efferent nerves carry…

A

Somatic; Sensory signals from external receptors (skin, etc) to CNS; Motor signals from CNS to skeletal muscles

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19
Q

Which division of the PNS regulates the body’s internal environment? Afferent nerves carry…; Efferent nerves carry…

A

Autonomic; Sensory signals from internal organs to CNS; Motor signals from CNS to internal organs

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20
Q

Which division of the PNS includes voluntary/conscious control of signals?

A

Somatic nervous system

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21
Q

Which efferent nerves project from the CNS in the lumbar & thoracic regions of the spinal cord?; What do they do?

A

Sympathetic nerves; Stimulate & organise energy in threatening situations (fight or flight response)

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22
Q

Which efferent nerves project from the brain & sacral region? What do they do?

A

Parasympathetic nerves; Conserve energy during periods of quiescence

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23
Q

Which system contains the Sympathetic & Parasympathetic nerves?

A

Autonomic nervous system

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24
Q

What are the longest cranial nerves called?; What do they contain?

A

Vagus nerves; Motor & sensory fibres traveling to & from the gut

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25
What are the Dura Mater, Arachnoid Meninx & Pia Mater?
Meninges - protective membranes covering the brain & spinal cord
26
Dura Mater:
"Tough mother"; thick, outermost meninge; anchor to the brain
27
Arachnoid Meninx:
Spider-like delicate lattice of tissue; provides a scaffold for blood vessels
28
Pia Mater:
"Pious mother"; thin; delicate; innermost meninx; fixed directly to cortex
29
What lies beneath the arachnoid meninx & contains blood vessels & cerebrospinal fluid?
Subarachnoid space
30
What fills the subarachnoid space, central canal of spinal cord & cerebral ventricles of brain?; What does it do?
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF); Protects & cushions the brain; drains through jugular veins & cerebral aqueduct
31
What is the Choroid Plexus? What does it do?
Networks of capillaries that protrude into ventricles from Pia Mater; Continuously produces & replaces CSF (5 x p/day)
32
Where does the Cerebral Aqueduct lie?
It connects the 3rd & 4th ventricles
33
What condition occurs if CSF is blocked by a tumour, leading to expansion of ventricle walls & entire brain?
Hydrocephalus (water head)
34
What protects the brain physically?
Skull, Menenges (dura mater, arachnoid meninx, pia mater meninx) & CSF
35
What protects the brain from chemical invasion?; How?
The Blood-Brain Barrier; Tightly packed cells along blood vessel walls (in CNS) prevent entry of many large molecules
36
Quadriplegia is caused by paralysis of which nerves?
Cervical nerves (C1-C8)
37
Which nerves can be affected in paraplegia?
Thoracic (T1-T12), Lumbar (L1-L5) & Coccygeal nerve
38
Forebrain:
Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) & Diencephalon
39
Midbrain:
Mesencephalon
40
Anterior part of hindbrain:
Mentencephalon (pons & cerebellum)
41
Hindbrain:
Myelencephalon (medulla)
42
31 pairs of spinal nerves are attached to the:
Spinal cord
43
What is the inner core of grey matter in the spinal cord composed of?
Cell bodies & unmyelinated interneurons
44
What is the white matter surrounding the grey matter mostly composed of?
Myelinated axons
45
What sort of neurons are dorsal root axons? Where are their synaptic terminals?
Sensory (afferent) unipolar neurons; In dorsal horns of spinal grey matter
46
What sort of neurons are of the ventral root? Where do their cell bodies lie?
Motor (efferent) multipolar neurons; in the ventral horns
47
What lies in the middle of the grey matter in the spinal cord?
Central canal
48
Myelencephalon (medulla) lies in the: It is composed of...; It includes the...; Which regulates...
Brain stem; Neural tracts projecting signals to spinal cord; Reticular formation; Sleep cycles, arousal, attention, movement & reflexes
49
Metencephalon houses part of the...; 2 major divisions include the...
Reticular formation; Pons & cerebellum
50
The cerebellum governs...; Damage can result in...
Sensory & motor control; Parkinson’s & cognitive deficits
51
What are the 2 divisions of the mesencephalon?
Tectum (dorsal surface of midbrain) & Tegmentum (ventral)
52
Where are the pairs of Superior & Inferior Colliculus (little hills) found? What’s the difference between the two?
Tectum; Superior Colliculi are in the anterior part & have a visual function; Inferior Colliculi are in the posterior part & have an auditory function
53
What 3 structures does the Tegmentum contain?
Periaqueductal Gray, Substantia Nigra & Red Nucleus
54
Which structure in the tegmentum regulates pain & mediates effects of opiates?
Periaqueductal Gray
55
Where is the Periaquaductal Gray situated?
Around the Cerebral Aqueduct
56
What is the Substantia Nigra responsible for?; If it’s diminished?
Production of dopamine; Can lead to Parkinson’s
57
Which 2 structures compose the Diencephalon?; What are their roles?
Thalamus: receives, processes & transmits sensory signals; Hypothalamus: controls pituitary gland; regulates behaviours (fight/flight/feed/fuck)
58
The thalamus is composed of 3 major nuclei. They include:
Lateral Geniculate, Medial Geniculate & Ventro Posterior Nucleus
59
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus:
Primary relay centre for visual information; 1st synapse after optic nerve leaves eye
60
Medial Geniculate Nucleus:
Responsible for Auditory relay
61
Ventro Posterior Nucleus:
Responsible for Sensorimotor relay
62
Anterior part of frontal lobe governs...; Posterior part is the...
Executive control planning; Motor area
63
What does the Central Fissure lie between?
Precentral Gyrus (frontal lobe) & Postcentral Gyrus (parietal lobe)
64
What area is the Anterior part of the parietal lobe?
Somatosensory area
65
What divides frontal & temporal lobes?
Lateral Fissure
66
What lies inferior/ventral to the Lateral Fissure?
Superior Temporal Gyrus
67
What part of the temporal lobe is the area of Superior Temporal Gyrus responsible for?
Hearing & language
68
Where is visual information processed?; Where is it located?
Occipital lobe; Posterior part of brain
69
What 2 main cell types is the Neo-Cortex composed of?
Stellate Cells (interneurons) & Pyramidal Cells (large multipolar neurons)
70
How do each of the 6 layers of tissue in the Neo-Cortex differ?
In relative concentration of stellate & pyramidal cells & relative size & concentration of cell bodies
71
What is the basis of columnar organisation in the Neo-Cortex?
Vertical flow of information via long axons
72
Which layer of the neo-cortex can the visual cortex be found?; Which layer can the motor cortex be found?
4th; 5th
73
Parkinson’s disease is associated with the degeneration of the pathway between which 2 areas of the brain?
Striatum & Substantia Nigra in the mid-brain
74
The Cerebral Cortex includes the:
Neocortex & Hippocampus
75
What are the Major fissures?
Central, Lateral & Longitudinal fissures
76
What are the Major gyri?
Precentral, Postcentral, Superior Temporal & Cingulate Gyrus
77
The 4 lobes include:
Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital lobes
78
What makes up the Limbic System?
Amygdala, Hippocampus, Fornix, Cingulate Cortex, Septum & Mammillary bodies
79
Basal Ganglia consists of:
Amygdala, Striatum (Caudate, Putamen) & Globus Pallidus
80
Cerebral Commissures include the:
Corpus Callosum
81
Cerebral Cortex, Fissures, Gyri, 4 lobes, Limbic system, Basal Ganglia & Cerebral Commissures are all part of the:
Telencephalon in the forebrain
82
Thalamus consists of:
Massa Intermedia, Lateral geniculate nuclei, Medial geniculate nuclei & Ventral posterior nuclei
83
Hypothalamus consists of:
Mammillary bodies
84
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Optic Chiasm & Pituitary gland are all found in the:
Diencephalon in the forebrain
85
Reticular formation, Pons & Cerebellum make up the:
Metencephalon in the hindbrain
86
As well as the Metencephalon, part of the Reticular formation is found in the:
Myelencephalon (medulla) in the hindbrain
87
Tectum includes the:
Superior & Inferior Colliculi
88
Tegmentum consists of:
Reticular formation, Cerebral aqueduct, Periaqueductal gray, Substantia nigra & Red nucleus
89
Both the tectum & tegmentum are found in the:
Mesencephalon in the mid-brain
90
What is processed in the Amygdala?
Emotion
91
What does the Hippocampus process?
New memories

PSYC2020 (11 decks)

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