Lecture11 Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Who is known for developing the compound microscope?
谁因开发复式显微镜而闻名？
A
Robert Hooke
Robert Hooke coined the term ‘cell’ while observing cork under his microscope.
2
Q
What is bright field microscopy?
A
A type of microscopy that uses bright light to illuminate specimens.
3
Q
What are the two types of electron microscopy mentioned?
A
- Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
- Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
- 透射电子显微镜（TEM）
- 扫描电子显微镜（SEM）
4
Q
Who was instrumental in embryology and histology?
谁在胚胎学和组织学方面发挥了重要作用？
A
Marcelo Malpighi
He reported the existence of capillaries and contributed to the understanding of tissue structure.
5
Q
What did Robert Hooke observe in cork that led to the concept of a cell?
A
He observed small, box-like structures in cork.
6
Q
What limitation does optical microscopy have?
A
It is limited by the resolving power of visible light.
它受到可见光分辨能力的限制。
7
Q
What was De Broglie’s contribution to microscopy?
A
He proposed using magnetic lenses for electron microscopy.
8
Q
What are the main components of an electron microscope?
A
- Electron source
- Magnetic lenses
- Vacuum chamber
- 电子源
- 磁透镜
- 真空室
9
Q
What does a confocal microscope do?
A
It allows for the collection of fluorescent signals in a focused manner.
10
Q
Who were the first to build a confocal microscope?
A
- Wilson
- Denk
11
Q
What is the significance of the electron microscope in biology?
A
It allows for the observation of ultra-structures of cells, bacteria, and viruses.
它可以观察细胞、细菌和病毒的超微结构。
12
Q
True or False: The electron microscope can be used to study live specimens.
A
False
Electron microscopes require specimens to be in a vacuum and specially prepared.
13
Q
What does fluorescence microscopy utilize?
A
Fluorescent signals to visualize specimens.
14
Q
What is a key feature of the lenses developed by Vallejo?
A
They allowed for significant magnification, up to 400 times.
15
Q
What types of cells did Schleiden and Schwann study?
A
- Plant cells
- Animal cells
16
Q
What concept did Brown, Schleiden, and Schwann contribute to?
A
The cell theory.
17
Q
Fill in the blank: The technique that reduced the cost of microscopy for health orders was developed using _______.
A
smartphone lenses
18
Q
What was a significant use of electron microscopes during World War II?
A
Studying viruses for biochemical warfare.
19
Q
Who developed the commercial electron microscope after World War II?
A
Butler Paul
20
Q
What are physical sections in microscopy?
A
Thin slices of an object made translucent for light observation.
将物体切成半透明的薄片，以便于光线观察。
21
Q
What is a biopsy in the context of microscopy?
什么是显微镜活检？
A
A tube of tissue cut into sections to study microscopic details.
一管切成小块的组织，用于研究显微细节。
22
Q
What types of specimens can be observed under a microscope?
A
- Physical sections
- Smears
- Cell cultures
- Thin specimens
物理部分 - 涂片
- 细胞培养
- 薄片标本
23
Q
What is the significance of working distance in microscopy?
A
It affects how transparent the specimen must be for proper imaging.
它会影响样本的透明度，以便正确成像。
24
Q
What is a whole mount in microscopy?
什么是显微镜中的整体装片？
A
A specimen that is observed in its entirety, often partially transparent.
整体观察的标本，通常部分透明
25
What is the primary light source in a bright field microscope?
Light from the visible spectrum
26
What distinguishes a simple microscope from a compound microscope?
A simple microscope has a single lens, while a compound microscope has multiple lenses.
27
What are the two types of lenses in a compound microscope?
* Objective lens
* Ocular lens
28
What is the role of the condenser in microscopy?
聚光镜在显微镜中的作用是什么？
It focuses light from the illuminator onto the specimen.
29
What is numerical aperture?
A measure that determines the resolving power of a microscope.
30
What is one reason modern lenses in microscopes are expensive?
They are corrected for various aberrations to produce clear images.
它们对各种像差进行校正，以生成清晰的图像。
31
What is the typical magnification range for ocular lenses?
5 to 15 times, generally around 10 times.
32
How is total magnification calculated in microscopy?
By multiplying the magnification of the ocular lens by the magnification of the objective lens.
33
What is the interpupillary distance in microscopy?
显微镜中的瞳间距是多少？
The distance between the centers of the pupils, which must be adjusted for binocular microscopes.
瞳孔中心之间的距离，双目显微镜必须对其进行调整。
34
What is the difference between binocular and stereo microscopes?
双目显微镜和立体显微镜有什么区别？
Binocular microscopes have the same image for both eyes; stereo microscopes provide different images for depth perception.
双目显微镜为双眼提供相同的图像；立体显微镜为深度知觉提供不同的图像。
35
What is dispersion in the context of light?
什么是光的色散？
The separation of light into its constituent colors.
将光线分离成不同的颜色。
36
Who described the law of refraction?
William Snell
37
What is the refractive index?
A measure of how much light bends when passing through a medium.
38
What is selective absorption in microscopy?
The phenomenon where different wavelengths of light are absorbed by a specimen based on its chemical composition.
试样根据其化学成分吸收不同波长光线的现象。
39
Fill in the blank: The whole spectrum of visible light ranges from _______ to red.
violet
40
What happens to light when it passes through a prism?
光通过棱镜时会发生什么变化？
It bends differently depending on its wavelength.
41
What is the role of optical filters in microscopy?
They enhance the visibility of specific features in the specimen.
42
What is the effect of monochromatic light on colored gummies?
Colored gummies absorb certain wavelengths and reflect others.
43
What is the difference between absorption and reflection in light?
In absorption, certain wavelengths of light are absorbed, while others are reflected. For example, white light can be absorbed by green, reflecting only green light.
44
What phenomenon is described as light bending around an object?
Diffraction
45
What determines what we can see in terms of diffraction?
The diffraction pattern created by the light bending around an object.
46
What is the relationship between aperture size and resolution?
A smaller aperture results in lower resolution, while a wider aperture improves resolution.
47
Fill in the blank: A lens can produce _______ by projecting different wavelengths at different points.
chromatic aberration
48
What is chromatic aberration?
It occurs when different wavelengths of light are projected at different depths by a lens.
49
What is the role of compound lenses in microscopes?
They correct for chromatic aberration by combining different lens types to project various wavelengths onto the same focal point.
它们将不同类型的镜头组合在一起，将不同波长的光线投射到同一个焦点上，从而校正色差。
50
True or False: Spherical aberration only occurs at the edges of a lens.
False
51
What does spherical aberration refer to?
球差指的是什么？
It is the phenomenon where a lens has different focal points depending on the position of light entering the lens.
这是一种透镜根据光线进入透镜的位置而产生不同焦点的现象。
52
What is the effect of using UV or blue light in diffraction experiments?
It results in a lower wavelength, which enhances resolving power.
这使得波长更低，从而提高了分辨能力。
53
What can be adjusted to improve image resolution in microscopy?
Aperture size and wavelength of light
54
Fill in the blank: The first diffraction ring's closeness indicates _______.
the resolving power
55
What is the impact of wavelength on resolving power?
Shorter wavelengths (like blue) lead to higher resolving power, while longer wavelengths (like red) lead to lower resolving power.
56
What are the two types of aberrations mentioned?
* Chromatic aberration
* Spherical aberration
* 色差
* 球面像差
57
What is required to correct chromatic aberration in lenses?
A combination of lenses with different properties.
58
What is the purpose of a concave lens in a compound lens system?
To counteract the effects of a convex lens and correct chromatic aberration.
抵消凸透镜的影响，纠正色差。
59
What does the term 'numerical aperture' refer to?
It relates to the ability of a lens to gather light and resolve fine specimen detail at a fixed object distance.
它涉及镜头在固定物距下聚光和分辨精细标本细节的能力。
60
How does diffraction affect visibility?
It changes the way light waves interact with objects, which can either enhance or obscure visibility.
它能改变光波与物体的相互作用方式，从而增强或遮蔽能见度。
61
What determines nearly everything in imaging for resolution?
The objective lens
## Footnote
The objective lens is crucial for imaging quality due to its design and lens combinations.
62
What is the function of the aperture of the objective lens?
It is very important for imaging quality
## Footnote
The aperture affects the amount of light and resolution that can be achieved.
63
What types of aberrations are corrected by the combination of lenses in an objective lens?
* Spherical aberration
* Chromatic aberration
## Footnote
These aberrations affect the clarity and color accuracy of the image.
64
What is an achromatic lens?
什么是消色差透镜？
A lens corrected for a very narrow wavelength range
## Footnote
Achromatic lenses are designed to minimize chromatic aberration for specific wavelengths.
65
What does a flat field in a lens indicate?
镜头中的平场表示什么？
Even focus over the whole range
## Footnote
A flat field is crucial for accurate measurements in microscopy.
在整个范围内均匀对焦
## 脚注
平场是显微镜精确测量的关键。
66
What can be used to electronically correct aberrations from a lens?
Mathematical models and transforms
## Footnote
While electronic correction is possible, optical correction is preferred for best results.
67
What is the significance of color codes on objective lenses?
They indicate the magnification of the lens
## Footnote
Different colors correspond to different magnifications across various lens manufacturers.
68
What is the typical tube length range for microscopes?
160 to 250 millimeters
## Footnote
The tube length affects the correction realized in the optical path.
69
What does the term 'infinity correction' refer to?
无限校正 "指的是什么？
An extra lens in the optical path that keeps light parallel
## Footnote
This allows for better image quality and correction in microscopy.
光路中的额外透镜，使光线保持平行
## 脚注
这可以在显微镜下获得更好的图像质量和校正效果。
70
What is the refractive index of air?
1
## Footnote
The refractive index is a measure of how much light bends when entering a medium.
71
How does immersion oil improve lens performance?
It matches the refractive index of glass
## Footnote
This minimizes light loss and maximizes resolution.
72
What is the relationship between aperture size and resolution?
光圈大小与分辨率之间有什么关系？
A wider aperture allows for better resolution
## Footnote
The numerical aperture is critical for determining the lens's ability to resolve fine details.
73
What does a numerical aperture of 0.75 indicate about a lens?
It reflects the lens's ability to gather light and resolve detail
## Footnote
Higher numerical apertures correspond to better performance.
74
What are the components that determine total magnification in a microscope?
* Objective lens magnification
* Projective lens magnification
## Footnote
Total magnification is a product of the two individual magnifications.
75
Where is the condenser located in a microscope?
显微镜中的聚光镜位于何处？
Below the object table
## Footnote
The condenser focuses light onto the specimen.
76
What is the function of the field diaphragm in a microscope?
显微镜中视野光阑的功能是什么？
To control the size and direction of the light beam
## Footnote
It helps in optimizing the illumination of the specimen.
77
Fill in the blank: The _______ lens is responsible for producing the primary image plane in microscopy.
Objective
## Footnote
The objective lens creates the initial image that is further processed.
78
True or False: The total magnification of a microscope is solely determined by the objective lens.
False
## Footnote
Total magnification is determined by both the objective and the projective lenses.
79
What is the purpose of the aperture diaphragm in a condenser?
To focus the aperture of the condenser.
80
What numerical aperture is typically used with oil immersion?
1.25
81
What is Kohler illumination?
A method to optimize the aperture of the lens while focusing light on the specimen.
一种在将光线聚焦到试样上的同时优化镜头光圈的方法。
82
What are conjugate planes in microscopy?
什么是显微镜中的共轭平面？
Two planes where one relates to the specimen and the other to the light element.
83
What is the main advantage of using Kohler illumination?
It provides an evenly lit field of view with the widest possible cone of light.
84
Who developed the method of Kohler illumination?
August Kohler
85
What microscopy techniques benefit from Kohler illumination?
* Bright field microscopy
* Epi illumination
* Phase contrast
86
What is a par focal lens?
A lens that allows you to switch objectives while maintaining focus.
可以在保持对焦的同时切换物镜的镜头。
87
In Kohler illumination, what is the relationship between the aperture plane and the field plane?
在科勒照明中，光圈平面和场平面之间的关系是什么？
They are relative and focused to each other.
88
What do you need to do to achieve Kohler illumination?
* Focus on the specimen
* Focus on the field iris
* Center the field iris
* Open the field iris
* 关注标本
* 聚焦于现场光圈
* 将视野光圈置于中心
* 打开视野光圈
89
What is the function of a dark current in imaging?
It can contribute to shading effects in the image.
90
Fill in the blank: The formula for correcting background images is I = (I_original - I_dark) / I_blank * max_value.
[key learning term]
91
What is a stereo microscope used for?
To view specimens in three dimensions.
92
What are the two optical principles used in stereo microscopes?
* Green optics
* Galileo para optics
* 绿色光学
* 伽利略光学
93
What is required to make thin sections for optical microscopy?
A microtome
显微切片机
94
What thickness is typically considered 'thin' for optical microscopy?
Between 10 and 1 micrometer.
95
What role does staining play in microscopy?
染色在显微镜中起什么作用？
It provides contrast by creating different absorption patterns.
它通过创造不同的吸收模式来形成对比。
96
What is the purpose of embedding material in microscopy?
显微镜中嵌入材料的目的是什么？
To create very thin slices for examination.
97
What is the purpose of embedding material in paraffin or resin?
To hold the specimen for cutting into thin sections
## Footnote
Paraffin is softer, allowing for thin sections, while plastic resins are harder.
98
What is a microtome used for?
显微切片机有什么用途？
To cut specimens into thin sections for microscopic examination
## Footnote
Typically, a rotating microtome is used, producing a ribbon of consecutive sections.
99
What is histochemical staining?
什么是组织化学染色？
A technique used to visualize specific proteins in a specimen
## Footnote
It can involve complex chemical reactions to enhance sensitivity.
100
What does immunohistochemistry detect?
免疫组化能检测什么？
Specific proteins using antibodies
## Footnote
It involves hybridizing RNA to detect the presence of proteins.
101
What is the role of color filters in microscopy?
To enhance absorption characteristics by allowing only certain wavelengths to pass
## Footnote
For example, a red filter allows red light while absorbing blue and green.
102
What is the most common histological stain mentioned?
Anion toxin aerozine staining, which produces a purplish color
阴离子毒素 Aerozine 染色，产生紫红色
## Footnote
This stain highlights nuclei and cellular membranes.
103
What does the periodic acid shift stain visualize?
周期性酸移染色法能显示什么？
Specific compounds in tissue samples
## Footnote
It is used for more complex protocols to show precise cellular structures.
组织样本中的特定化合物
## 脚注
用于更复杂的方案，以显示精确的细胞结构。
104
What colors are associated with trichome staining?
哪些颜色与毛状体染色有关？
Collagen is blue, muscle is green, blood cells are red, and nuclei are blue-black
## Footnote
This staining helps differentiate between various tissue types.
胶原蛋白为蓝色，肌肉为绿色，血细胞为红色，细胞核为蓝黑色
## 脚注
这种染色有助于区分不同的组织类型。
105
What limitations does a light microscope have regarding membranes?
光学显微镜对膜有哪些限制？
It cannot visualize membranes directly, only their locations
## Footnote
Higher resolution is required, which necessitates the use of electron microscopy.
106
What are the two types of electron microscopy?
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
## Footnote
TEM is similar to optical imaging but uses electrons instead of photons.
107
What does in situ hybridization detect?
Messenger RNA in cells
## Footnote
It involves creating a probe that binds to specific RNA sequences.
108
What is the outcome of the enzyme reaction in in situ hybridization?
The formation of a blue product indicating the presence of messenger RNA
## Footnote
This product indicates where the RNA is located in the tissue.
109
Fill in the blank: The technique used to enhance the contrast in specimen preparation is called _______.
[specific contrast enhancement technique]
110
What is the significance of combining serial sections in microscopy?
To reconstruct a 3D object from 2D images
## Footnote
This process is important in computational bioimaging applications.
111
What is the role of electromagnetic lenses in electron microscopy?
电磁透镜在电子显微镜中的作用是什么？
To focus and direct electron beams instead of light
## Footnote
This allows for high-resolution imaging of specimens.
聚焦和引导电子束，而不是光束
## 脚注
这样就能对标本进行高分辨率成像。
