LL8

Question 1

What is the Greek meaning of the term ‘morphology’?

Answer 1

Shape, form, outward appearance

Question 2

What is the focus of the field of morphology in biology?

Answer 2

The study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features

Question 3

Define morphometry.

Answer 3

The quantitative analysis of form, including the understanding of size and shape of an organism

Question 4

What does Mathematical Morphology analyze?

Answer 4

Geometrical structures in digital images based on set theory

Question 5

In Mathematical Morphology, what are images and filters considered as?

Answer 5

Sets

Question 6

What imperfections does Mathematical Morphology help to overcome?

Answer 6

Segmentation, edge detection, processing

Question 7

What does a binary image represent in the context of Mathematical Morphology?

Answer 7

Coordinates (x,y) of pixels that belong to the object

Question 8

In a gray-scaled image, what does the element of the set represent?

Answer 8

Coordinates (x,y) of pixels that belong to the object and the gray levels

Question 9

What is a structuring element (s.e.) in Mathematical Morphology?

Answer 9

A shape used to probe or interact with a given image

Question 10

What is the purpose of a structuring element?

Answer 10

To draw conclusions on how this shape fits or interacts with shapes in the image

Question 11

What is the notation for the erosion of image f by structuring element s?

Answer 11

f . s

Question 12

What is the outcome when the structuring element s fits image f during erosion?

Answer 12

g(x,y) = 1

Question 13

What does erosion do to objects in an image?

Answer 13

Can split apart joined objects and strip away extrusions

Question 14

What is the notation for the dilation of image f by structuring element s?

Answer 14

f . s

Question 15

What does dilation do to objects in an image?

Answer 15

Can repair breaks and intrusions

Question 16

What is opening in the context of morphological operations?

Answer 16

An erosion followed by a dilation using the same structuring element

Question 17

What effects does opening have on an image?

Answer 17

Smooths contours, breaks narrow isthmuses, removes thin protrusions

Question 18

What is closing in the context of morphological operations?

Answer 18

A dilation followed by an erosion using the same structuring element

Question 19

What effects does closing have on an image?

Answer 19

Smooths contours, fuses narrow breaks, removes small holes and fills gaps

Question 20

What is grey-value erosion?

Answer 20

Output image tends to be darker than the input when all elements of the structuring element are positive

Question 21

What is grey-value dilation?

Answer 21

Output image tends to be brighter than the input when all values of the structuring element are positive

Question 22

What is grey-value opening used for?

Answer 22

To remove small light details while leaving larger bright features undisturbed

Question 23

What happens during grey-value closing?

Answer 23

Peaks are left in their original form, filling in gaps and smoothing contours

Question 24

What does the initial erosion do to an image?

Answer 24

Removes details and darkens the image

Erosion is a morphological operation that reduces the size of objects in an image.

Question 25

What is the effect of subsequent dilation after erosion?

Answer 25

Increases overall intensity without reintroducing removed details ## Footnote Dilation adds pixels to the boundaries of objects in an image.

Question 26

What is the purpose of grey-value closing?

Answer 26

Removes small dark details while leaving bright features relatively undisturbed ## Footnote Closing is a combination of dilation followed by erosion.

Question 27

What happens during the initial dilation in grey-value closing?

Answer 27

Removes dark details and brightens the image ## Footnote This step enhances the brighter areas in the image.

Question 28

What does the subsequent erosion do in grey-value closing?

Answer 28

Darkens the image without reintroducing details removed by dilation ## Footnote This ensures that the image retains its overall structure while eliminating noise.

Question 29

Define morphological gradient in image analysis.

Answer 29

Using difference of dilation and erosion ## Footnote It highlights the edges in an image.

Question 30

How does the morphological gradient differ from opening and closing?

Answer 30

It focuses solely on the difference between dilation and erosion ## Footnote Unlike opening and closing, which modify the image structure.

Question 31

What is the Top-Hat transformation used for?

Answer 31

Enhances details in the presence of shades ## Footnote It is a morphological gradient filter.

Question 32

How is the Top-Hat transformation calculated?

Answer 32

Open the image with structuring element S and subtract the result from the original ## Footnote The formula for Top-Hat is written as: = .O.

Question 33

What does the Black-Hat transformation highlight?

Answer 33

Narrow dark regions in the image ## Footnote It is another type of morphological gradient filter.

Question 34

Describe the process of Black-Hat transformation.

Answer 34

Close the image with structuring element S, then subtract the original from the result ## Footnote The formula for Black-Hat is written as: = O .B.

Question 35

What is the importance of the structuring element in morphological operations?

Answer 35

Determines and directs the outcome of the operation ## Footnote The shape of the structuring element is crucial for the evaluation.

Question 36

List common shapes of structuring elements.

Answer 36

* Z4 * Z8 * Rectangle * Diamond * Circle * Ellipse ## Footnote These shapes affect how the morphological operations process the image.

Question 37

What are the basic operators in Mathematical Morphology?

Answer 37

* Erosion * Dilation * Opening * Closing ## Footnote These operators are foundational for image processing tasks.

Question 38

What are some applications of operators in Mathematical Morphology?

Answer 38

* Morphological filtering * Boundary extraction * Skeletons * Convex hull * Thinning * Pruning * Segmentation ## Footnote These applications help in analyzing and processing images effectively.

Question 39

True or False: Morphological operations can be used to correct uneven illumination.

Answer 39

True ## Footnote They help in removing background effects during image analysis.